Ottoman + Safavid + Mughal Empires Unit – TEST ESSAY – Flashcards

*Sultans* and pashas to rule territories -Osman (founder) -Mehmmd II (conquered Constantinople - rival Byzantine Empire gone) -Suleyman the Magnificent/Lawgiver (Best ruler) -Devshirme system --> Janissaries (most loyal soldiers) -*Merit based* society (Pashas to Sultans)

*Shahs* -Shah Ismail I (founder) -Shah Abbas I (Best ruler) -Autocracy -Quizelbash (most loyal soldiers) -*Merit based* society

-Babur (founder) -Akbar I (best ruler) -Shah Jahan (sad) -Aurangzeb Zamindars were appointed to rule certain areas

-*Sunni Muslims* -All rulers and sub-rulers were Muslims -Young Christian boys were converted to Islam (Devshirme system) -More conservative muslims arise during the empire's decline -Generally tolerant to other religions

-*Shia Muslims* -Enforced Islam on everyone (to unify diverse groups) -Shah Abbas - religious tolerance --> After Shah Abbas's death -->religious orthodoxy

-Akbar's rule: Sunni Muslim ruler with Sufi Muslim influences -Officials were Hindu -Believed every religion had some truth -ended jizya -*Very tolerant to other religions* -Hindus not required to follow Sharia Law (Muslim law) Aurangzeb's rule: -*intolerant to other religions* -enforced islamic practices on non-Muslims -reinstated jizya 0banned building of Hindu temples -enforced Sharia law on all

-Very tolerant but still had to pay jizya TOLERATION -Christians and Jews lived in separate communities *(milets)* -*Devshirme system* helped incorporate non-Muslims -*Janissaries* - well trained and most loyal soldiers

-Enforced Shia branch on everyone (bc they wanted to unify the diverse) -Were little tolerant to other religions like Christianity and Judaism -After death of Shah Abbas I they became more orthodoxy and more and more less tolerant

-Very tolerant since majority of empire was mainly Hinsy and has small communities of Christians and Jews -Akbar realized that in order to avoid hostility they had to be tolerant and treat all religions equally -Akbar ended Jizya -Aurangzeb - brings back jizya, destroys Hindu temples, and eventually loses most of his non-Muslim subjects

-Imported corn, potatoes, sugar, tobacco, coffee, and gunpowder weapons -Did not export as much --> *DEBT* -Collected jizya from non-Muslims -Risiting technological advancements (clerics fault)

-Imported corn and potatoes -Main export - Silk and Persian rugs -Controled taxation -Capitalism economy

-Main export - Cotton --->*Capitalism* (Akbar) --->*Women's role in economy* (Akbar) -Taxes would be suspended during crisis -AKBAR took away jizya AURANGZEB reinstated jizya

-Topkapi Palace -Suleymaniye Mosque --->Showed wealth and power --->Used style from greek Orthodox churches, Roman domes, minarets --->Built after they took over Byzantine Empire

-Isfahan Royal Mosque --->Persian and Missle East style --->Arabesque (islamic art on walls) --->Tear drop dome

-Red Fort in Dehli --->Shah Jahan's massive headquarters to rule -Taj Mahal -->Built by Shah Jahan n memory of his wife (Mumtaz Muhal (obsessed with showing her beauty through architecture) --->Building it --> expensive--> drained Mughal money and didn't pay attention when his son overruled him

-Murder with Family members -Kafes where princes grow up -Conservative Muslims --->Banned printing press -Religious intolerance -Economic decline (importing more than exporting --> *DEBT*) -Rejected technology -Corruption

-Religious conflicts - Shia leaders became more price which made people angry and caused revolts (religious orthodoxy) -Economic decline -Royal family members fought each other

-Dumb rulers (Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb) spent too much money on buildings and wars) -Aurangzeb was intolerant to Hindus and Hindus got mad -Hindus (rajas) were so disenchanted that the agreed to be a part of Britain -Once a place was part of Britain they were sort of not part of the Mughal empire anymore