Operations Management Final Exam – Flashcards

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balance delay
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the total idle time of an assembly line
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best operating level
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the percent of capacity utilization at which unit costs are lowest
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block diagram
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a schematic layout diagram that includes that size of each work area
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capacity
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the maximum capacility to produce
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capacity cushion
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a percent of capacity held in reserve for unexpected occurences
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capacity planning
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a long-term strategic decision that establishes the overall level of productive resources for a firm
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cellular layout
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a layout that creates individual cells to process parts or customers with similar requirements
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cycle time
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the maximum amount of time an item is allowed to spend at each workstation if the targeted production rate is to be achieved; also, the time between successive product completions
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diseconomies of scale
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when higher levels of output cost more per unit to produce
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economies of scale
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when it costs less per unit to product higher levels of output
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facility layout
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the arrangement of machines, departments, workstations, and other areas within a facility
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fixed-position layout
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a layout in which the product remains at a stationary site for the entire manufacturing cycle
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flexible manufacturing system (FMS)
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programmable equipment connected by an automated material-handling system and controlled by a central computer
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line balancing
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a layout technique that attempts to equalize that amount of work assigned to each workstation on an assembly line
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mixed-model assembly line
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an assembly line that processes more than one product model
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Muther's grid
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a formate for displaying manager preferences for department locations
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precedence requirements
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physical restrictions on the order in which operations are performed
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process layout
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a layout that groups similar activities together into work centers according to the process or function they perform
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product layout
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a layout that arranges activities in a line according to the sequence of operations that are needed to assemble a particular product
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production flow analysis (PFA)
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a group technology technique that reorders part routing matrices to identify families of parts with similar processing requirements
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relationship diagram
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a schematic diagram that denotes location preference with different line thicknesses
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unit load
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the quantity in which material is normally moved, such as a unit at a time, a pallet, or a bin of material
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contraints
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linear relationships of decision variables representing the restrictions placed on the decision situation by the operating environment
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decision variables
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mathematical symbols that represent levels of activity of an operation
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extreme points
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corner points, or protrusions, on the boundary of the feasible solution space in a linear programming model
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feasible solution space
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an area that satisfies all contraints in a linear programming model simultaneously
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graphical solution method
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a method for determining the solution of a linear programming problem using a two-dimensional graph of the model
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linear programming
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a technique for general decision situations in which the decision is to determine a level of operational activity in order to achieve an objective, subject to restrictions
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objective function
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a linear mathematical relationship that describes the objective of an operation in terms of decision variables
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optimal solution
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the single best solution to a problem
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simplex method
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a series of mathematical steps conducted iwhtin a tabular structure for solving a linear programming model
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slack variable
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a variable added to a linewar programming less than or equal to contraint to make it an equality
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surplus variable
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a variable subtracted from a greater than or equal to model contraint in a linear programming model in order to make it an equality
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ABC system
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a method for classifying inventory items according to their dollar value to the firm based on the principle that only a few items account for the greatest dollar value of total inventory
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carrying costs
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the cost of holding an item in inventory, including lost opportunity costs, storage, rent, colling, lighting, interest on loans, and so on
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continuous inventory system
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a system in which the inventory level is continually monitored; when it decreases to a certain level, the reorder point, a fixed amount is ordered
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dependent demand
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typically, component parts or materials used in the process to produce a final product
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economic order quantity (EOQ)
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a fixed-order quantity that minimizes total inventory costs
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fixed-time-period system
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also known as a periodic system; an inventory system in which a variable amount is ordered after a predetermined, constant passage of time
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independent demand
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final or finished products whose demand is not a function of, or dependent on, internal production activity
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inventory
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a stock of items kept by an organization to meet internal or external customer demand
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order cycle
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the time between the receipt of orders in an inventory system
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ordering costs
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the cost od replenishing the stock of inventory including requisition cost, transportation and shipping, receiving, inspection, handling, and so forth
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production quantity model
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also know as the production lot-size model; an inventory system in which an order is received gradually and the inventory level is depleted at the same time it is being replenished
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quantity discount
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a pricing schedule in which lower prices are provided for specific (higher) order quantities
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reorder point
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a level of inventory in stock at which a new order is placed
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safety stock
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an amount added to the expected amound demanded during the lead time (the reorder point level) as a hedge against a stockout
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service level
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the probability that the amount of inventory on hand during the lead time is sufficient to meet expected demand
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shortage costs
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temporary or permanent loss of sales that will result when customer demand cannot be met
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stockout
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an inventory shortage occurring when demand exceeds the inventory in stock
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assemble-to-order
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a manufacturing environment in which major subassemblies are produced in advance of a customer's order and are then configured to order
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backward scheduling
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scheduling backward from a due date to determine when to begin a job
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best-of-breed
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the selection of ERP modules from different vendors
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bill of material (BOM)
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a list of all the materials, parts, and assemblies that make up a product, including quantities, part-component relationships, and order of assembly
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capacity
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the maximum capability to produce
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capacity requirements planning (CRP)
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a computerized system that projects the load from a given material plan onto the capacity of a system and identifies underloads and overloads
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cloud computing
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on-demand IT services usually delivered over the internet
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cumulative lead time
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the total length of time required to manufacture a product; also, the longest path through a product structure
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customer relationship management (CRM)
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software that plans and executes business processes that involved customer interaction, such as sales, marketing, fulfillment, and customer service
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cycle counting
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a method for auditing inventory accuracy that counts inventory and reconciles errors on a cyclical schedule rather than once a year
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efficiency
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how well a machine or worker performs compared to a standard output level
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enterprise resource planning (ERP)
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software that organizes and manages a company's business processes by sharing information across functional areas
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expedite
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to speed up orders so that they are completed in less than their normal lead time
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explosion
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the process of determining requirements for lower-level items by multiplying the planned orders of parent items by the quantity per assembly of component items
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forward scheduling
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scheduling forward from today's date to determine the earliest time a job can be completed
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item master file
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a file that contains inventory status and descriptive information on every item in inventory
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load
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the standard hours of work assigned to a facility
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load leveling
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the process of balancing underloads and overloads
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load percent
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the ration of load to capacity
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load profile
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a chart that compares released orders and planned orders with the capacity of a facility
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lot sizing
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determining the quantities in which items are usually made or purchased
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master production schedule (MPS)
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a schedule for the production of end items (usually final products). It drives the MRP process that schedules the production of component parts
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material requirements planning (MRP)
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a computerized inventory control and production planning system for generating purchase orders and work orders of materials, components, and assemblies
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modular bill of material
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a special bill of material used to plan the production of products with many optional features
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netting
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the process of subtracting on-hand quantities and scheduled receipts from gross requirements to produce net requirements
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periodic order quantity
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a lot sizing technique that orders at set time intervals
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product lifecycle management (PLM)
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software that manages the product development process, product lifecycles, and design collaboration with suppliers and customers
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product structure file
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a file that contains computerized bills of material for all products
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software as a service (SaaS)
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on-demand access of software from a provider's site
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SOA
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service oriented architecture; a software architecture that bundles together stand-alone services
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supply chain management (SCM)
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software that plans and executes business processes related to supply chains
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time fence
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a date specified by management beyond which no changes in the master schedule are allowed
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time-phased bill of material
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an assembly chart shown against a time scale
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time phasing
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the process of subtracting an item's lead time from its due date to determine when an order should be released
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utilization
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the percentage of available working time that a worker spends working or a machine operating
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XML
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extensible markup language; used to help different ERP systems communicate over the Internet
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appraisal costs
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costs of measuring, testing, and analyzing materials, parts, products, and the productive process to make sure they conform to design specifications
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benchmark
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a level of quality achievement established by one company that other companies seek to achieve
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Black Belt
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in a Six Sigma program, the leader of a quality improvement project; a full-time position
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breakthrough strategy
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in Six Sigma, a five-step process for improvement projects: define, measure, analyze, improve, and control
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cause-and-effect diagrma or fishbone diagram
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a graphical description of the elements of a specific quality problem
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cause-and-effect matrix
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a grid used to prioritize causes of quality problems
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champion
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a member of top management who is responsible for project success in a Six Sigma program
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cost index
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the ratio of quality cost to manufacturing cost
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designed for Six Sigma (DFSS)
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a systematic methodology to design products and processes that meet customer expectations and can be produced at Six Sigma quality levels
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external failure costs
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costs of poor quality incurred after the product gets to the customer; that is, customer service, lost sales, and so on.
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fitness for use
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a measure of how well a product or service does what the consumer things it is supposed to do and wants it to do
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Green Belt
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in a Six Sigma program, a project team member, a part-time position
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index numbers
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ratios that measure quality costs relative to some base accounting values such as sales or product units
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internal failure costs
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costs of poor-quality products discovered during the production process - that is, scrap, rework, and the like
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kaizen
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involving everyone in the workplace, in a process of gradual, organized, and continuous improvement
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labor index
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the ratio of quality cost to direct labor hours
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Lean Six Sigma
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integrating Six Sigms and lean systems
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Master Black Belt
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in a Six Sigma program, a teacher and mentor for Black Belts; a full-time position
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Pareto analysis
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a method for identifying the causes of poor quality, which usually shows that most quality problems result from only a few causes
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participative problem solving
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involving employees directly in the quality-management process to identify and solve problems
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partnering
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a relationship between a company and its supplier based on mutual quality standards
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prevention costs
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costs incurred during product design and manufacturing that prevent nonconformance to specifications
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process flowchart
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a diagram of the steps in a job, operation, or process
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production index
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the ratio of quality cost to final product units
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productivity
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a meaure of effectiveness in converting resources into products, generally computed as output divided by input
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quality circles
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a small, voluntary group of workers and supervisors formed to address quality problems in their area
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quality impact on productivity
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fewer defects increase output and quality improvement reduces inputs
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quality management system (QMS)
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a system to achieve customer satisfaction that complements other company systems
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quality of conformance
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the degree to which the product or service meets the specifications required by design during the production process
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quality of design
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the degree to which quality characteristics are designed into a product or service
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quality-productivity ratio (QPR)
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a productivity index that includes productivity and quality costs
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sales index
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that ratio of quality cost to sales
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Six Sigma
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a measure of how much a given product or process deviates from perfection, or zero defects; the basis of a quality-improvement program
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Siz Sigma process
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inclues four basic steps - align, mobilize, accelerate, and govern
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total quality management (TQM)
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the management of quality throughout the organization at all management levels and across all areas
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yield
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a measure of productivity; the sum of good-quality and reworked units
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aggregate planning
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the process of determining the quantity and timing of production over an intermediate time frame
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available-to-promise
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the quantity of iteams that can be promised to the customer; the difference between planned production and customer orders already received
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backlog
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accumulated customer orders to be completed at a later date
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backordering
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ordering an item that is temporarily out-of-stock
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capable-to-promise
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the quantity of items that can be produced and made available at a later date
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chase demand
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an aggregate planning strategy that schedules production to match demand and absorbs variations in demand by adjusting the size of the workforce
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collaborative planning
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sharing information and synchronizing production plans across the supply chain
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disaggregation
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the process of breaking down the aggregate plan into more detailed plans
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level production
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an aggregate planning strategy that produces units at a constant rate and uses inventory to absorb variations in demand
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lost sales
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forfeited sales for out-of-stock items
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management coefficients model
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a regression technique for aggregate planning
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mixed strategy
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varying two or more capacity factors to determine a feasible production plan
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peak demand
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staffing for high levels of customer service
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pure strategy
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varying only one capacity factor in aggregate planning
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sales and operations planning (S&OP)
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a process for coordinating supply and demand
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search decision rule (SDR)
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a pattern dearch technique for aggregate planning
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