Online quizzes 1 – Flashcards

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding free radicals? A) Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism. B) A free radical is an atom with paired electrons in its outermost shell. C) Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals. D) Exposure to pollution decreases free radical production.

Which of the following statements about antioxidants is TRUE? A) Antioxidants are formed in the body. B) Antioxidants reduce free radicals by removing an electron. C) Antioxidants donate an electron, thus reducing the free radical. D) Antioxidants oxidize free radicals.

Which antioxidant enzyme system functions by removing hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting it into water and oxygen? A)microsomal enzyme-oxidizing system B)superoxide dismutase C) catalase D) glutathione peroxidase

Which of the following diseases has been linked to free radical damage? A) gallstones B) celiac disease C) cancer D) anemia

When an oxygen molecule becomes a free radical, it is referred to as a(n):

Glutathione peroxidase is a free radical formed from oxidative metabolism. (T/F)

When our diet is deficient in vitamin A, mucus production by epithelial cells increases. (T/F)

Which form of vitamin A enables the eye to react to changes in light? A) retinal B) retina C) retinoic acid D) retinol

The retina is composed of rods and cones. (T/F)

The pigment molecules responsible for night vision are called __________.

When light energy hits the retina, the retinal changes from a trans to a cis configuration.

From what source does our body obtain the majority of its antioxidants?

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of:

Vitamin C assists in the formation of the structural protein called ________.

Absorption of which mineral is enhanced by vitamin C?

Lipids enter the bloodstream directly after digestion. (T/F)

Which enzyme digests lipids in the small intestine? A) bile B) lingual lipase C) pancreatic lipase D) gastric lipase

What are micelles?

Which of the following substances is classified as a lipid? A) phosphates B) cholecystokinin (CCK) C) glycogens D) sterols

Diets high in trans fatty acids are MOST associated with:

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are precursors needed to produce which type of biological compounds?

Which of the following hormones is produced from cholesterol? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) estrogen D) glucagon

Approximately 50% of every protein molecule is composed of nitrogen. (T/F)

How do we determine whether we are in protein balance?

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) People who are dieting are in negative energy balance. B) Children are generally in positive nitrogen balance. C) Pregnant women require less nitrogen than they excrete.

The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called:

Amino acids are joined together by which specific bond?

What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body?

To use proteins for energy, the liver removes amine groups from amino acids in a process called:

which of the following foods would contain the highest protein content? A) corn B) cooked carrots C) chicken D) whole-wheat bread

The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by sufficient intake of Calories but a lack of protein in the diet is called:

Protein molecules contain the element nitrogen. (T/F)

Pregnancy is an example of negative nitrogen balance. (T/F)

The chemical structure of vitamin B12 contains cobalt. (T/F)

Vitamin B12's functions include __________.

Which of the following statements regarding the absorption of vitamin B12 is FALSE? A) Hydrochloric acid and pepsin are necessary to release vitamin B12 from food. B) Vitamin B12 binds with intrinsic factor synthesized in the stomach. C) Pancreatic enzymes release vitamin B12 from the R-protein. D) R-protein produced in the stomach carries vitamin B12 to the ileum for absorption.

Vitamin B12 is attached to a protein called transcobalamin II. (T/F)

Iron absorption is enhanced by:

The two storage forms of iron are ferritin and:

Which of the following is the BEST source of heme iron? A) beans B) fortified bread C) spinach D) fish

Folate deficiency during pregnancy is associated with:

Which nutrient requires intrinsic factor for absorption?

Without adequate vitamin K, blood does not clot properly. (T/F)

The primary role of most of the B-vitamins is to:

The body is able to generate energy from macronutrients without B-vitamins. (T/F)

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is an alcohol-related riboflavin deficiency. (T/F)

Riboflavin is a part of the oxidation-reduction coenzyme NAD. (T/F)

Iodine __________ during pregnancy increases the risk of the infant being born with a form of mental retardation known as __________.

__________ is a vitamin-like substance that is important for metabolism, the structural integrity of cell membranes, and neurotransmission.

__________ is destroyed when exposed to light.

You work in a clinic that aids chronic alcoholics. You notice one of your clients exhibiting tremors and confusion. Supplementation with the B-vitamin __________ would be MOST likely to relieve these symptoms because __________.

Low intakes of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 are linked to:

Which of the following B-vitamins is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids? A) vitamin B6 B) folate C) pantothenic acid D) vitamin B12

Appetite is defined as :

Which snack will have the highest satiety value, assuming the Calories and relative size are similar? A) a slice of whole-grain bread B) a piece of cheese C) a serving of apple sauce D) a glass of grape juice

Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

Chemical digestion of which nutrient occurs in the mouth?

Leptin stimulates food intake. (T/F)

The majority of nutrient absorption takes place in the stomach. (T/F)

Proteases are enzymes that help digest proteins. (T/F)

What is chyme?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by which cells in the stomach?

Moderate alcohol consumption is BEST defined as:

Which of the following is a potential health benefit of moderate alcohol consumption? A) increased LDL cholesterol B) appetite suppression C) decreased HDL cholesterol D) increased HDL cholesterol

Which of the following is caused by alcohol exposure by a fetus during pregnancy?

The first enzyme in alcohol metabolism is:

Alcohol is primarily metabolized by the:

According to the Surgeon General's report, to maintain a general level of health, a person should:

In which of the following types of exercise would creatine phosphate (CP) be an important source of energy? A) sprinting in the 100-meter race B) running a 10-kilometer road race C) 3-mile mountain bike ride with 2000-feet elevation gain D) 1-mile open water swim

The primary end product of glycolysis is:

The amount of ATP stored in a muscle cell will fuel the muscle's activity for:

When oxygen is scarce, cellular pyruvate acid is converted to:

During anaerobic glycolysis, each molecule of glucose produces ________ ATP molecules.

Each day Bill power-walks for 45 minutes. Which fuel source(s) provide(s) energy during this activity?

Which of the following BEST describes how ATP provides energy to the body's cells?

Which is the largest storage of energy?

The main disadvantage of using fat as a fuel is:

Which monosaccharide is the preferred source of energy for the brain?

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of:

Which of the following BEST describes an episode of binge eating?

In which of the following sports are male athletes at greater risk for developing bulimia nervosa? baseball basketball football wrestling

Female athletes who experience amenorrhea are at risk for developing osteoporosis. (T/F)

The type of eating disorder characterized by episodes of binging and purging is:

Impulsivity, low self-esteem, attention-seeking, being extroverted, and erratic behavior MOST describe personality traits of:

Consuming a majority of energy between 8:00 pm and 6:00 am is characteristic of which eating disorder?

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins all contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. B) Proteins are the primary source of fuel for the human body. C) Carbohydrates and proteins each provide 4 kcals per gram, while lipids provide 9 kcals per gram. D) Lipids are the only energy nutrient that is also considered a macronutrient.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K __________.

There are __________ groups of essential nutrients. Those are __________.

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning both vitamins AND minerals? A) Both are divided into groups of either fat or water soluble. B) Both are broken down during digestion. C) Both are organic compounds. D) Both are micronutrients.

Which of the following pairs is matched correctly? A) carbohydrate: macronutrient that provides 9 kcal/gram B) protein: macronutrient that provides 7 kcal/gram C) lipid: macronutrient that provides 9 kcal/gram D) vitamin D: macronutrient that provides 4 kcal/gram

DRI, a set of guidelines for nutrient intake standards, stands for Daily Required Intakes. (T/F)

Which components of the DRI identify the quantities of various nutrients a person requires to optimize health? EER and AMDR RDA, EER, and AMDR EAR, RDA, AI, and UL

Which component of the DRI reflects the requirement of a nutrient for 50% of healthy Americans and Canadians in a specific life stage and gender group? A) EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) B) AI (Adequate Intake) C) RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)

The average number of calories needed each day to maintain current body weight is called the