OCTC-Micro-Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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| What are the Processes of Life? |
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| 1.Growth and development = increase in size 2. Reproduction and heredity (genome) = increase in number 3. Responsiveness and movement = ability to react to environmental stimuli 4. Metabolism = controlled chemical reactions |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| Greek for “true nucleus” Nuclear membrane surrounds DNA forming a nucleus |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Greek for “before nucleus” |
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| Two types of Prokaryotes: |
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| Bacteria & Archaea |
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| Eukaryotes Nucleus is bounded by? |
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| nuclear membrane. |
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| Eukaryote’s genome or nucleic acid for heredity material is? |
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| DNA. |
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| Are Eukaryotes larger than prokaryotes and more complex or smaller than eukaryocytes and less complex? |
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| Eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes and more complex. |
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| Eukaryotes have a _______ membrane? |
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| Cytoplasmic membrane = plasma membrane containing the cytoplasm |
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| Some Eukaryotes also have a ______outside the plasma membrane. |
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| cell wall |
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| Some Eukaryotes also have a ______outside the plasma membrane. |
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| cell wall |
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| Structures within the cytoplasm of Eukaryotes may include: |
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| Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplast Lysosomes Vacuoles Gogi apparatus. |
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| Eukaryotes are: |
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| algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants |
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| How long have prokaryotes been on Earth? |
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| 3.5 billion years. |
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| How long have prokaryotes been on Earth? |
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| 3.5 billion years. |
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| Prokaryote's genome or nucleic acid for the chromosomes is ? |
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| DNA which is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane, but located in the cytoplasm. |
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| Prokaryote’s DNA is One circular chromosome called the? |
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| Bacterial chromosome |
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| Bacterial Chromosome is spread centrally throughout the_____? What is that region called? |
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| the cell’s cytoplasm This region is called the nucleiod. |
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| Prokaryote’s DNA is One circular chromosome called the? |
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| Bacterial chromosome |
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| Bacterial Chromosome is spread centrally throughout the_____? What is that region called? |
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| the cell’s cytoplasm This region is called the nucleiod. |
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| Are prokaryotes smaller or larger than eukaryotes? |
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| Smaller |
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| Prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound what? (3 things) |
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| ER Golgi apparatus Mitochondria |
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| Prokaryotes contain ______in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. |
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| ribosomes |
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| In prokaryotes, where do most metabolic reactions occur? |
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| Cell membrane |
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| Genetic material of most bacteria consist of a circular strand of DNA called the? |
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| Bacterial Chromosome |
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| Bacterial Chromosomes contains essential what? |
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| essential genetic material for survival |
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| Plasmids are not part of the ___? |
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| bacterial chromosome |
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| What are plasmids?-QOT |
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| Plasmids are separate, double stranded circles of DNA fragments. |
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| Are plasmids essential for bacterial growth and metabolism?-QOT |
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| NO |
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| Plasmids often contain protective genes. Name 4. |
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| Drug resistance Fertility factors Genes for producing toxins Certain enzymes. |
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| Plasmids can become integrated into?-QOT |
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| bacterial chromosome. |
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| Any DNA molecule LOVES to?-QOT |
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| incorporate into another DNA molecule |
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| Because Plasmids can become integrated into bacterial chromosome they are? |
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| They are important tools used in genetic engineering |
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| Plasmids can be manipulated in labs. What are two things that they can do? |
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| they can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell or yeast cell. |
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| Three Parts of Prokaryotic Cell are? |
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| Structures External to the Cell Wall The Cell Envelope Structures Internal to the Cell Wall |
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| Structures External to the Prokaryotic Cell Wall are: |
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| Appendages Glycocalyx |
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| One of the Structures External to the prokaryotic Cell Wall are Appendages which include: |
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| Flagella Pili Fimbriae |
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| One of the Structures External to the prokaryotic Cell Wall is Glycocalyx which can either be a: |
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| Capsule Or Slime layer Capsule resists phagocytosis Slime layer doesn’t resist phagocytosis |
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| Glycocalyces are a general term for? |
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| substances surrounding bacterial cell |
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| Many bacteria secrete slimy, or gummy materials on their surfaces called a |
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| “sugar cup” or Glycocalyx |
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| Glycocalyces = “sugar cup” that consists of? |
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| Polypeptides(proteins) Polysaccharides Or both. |
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| This gelatinous, sticky substance surrounds the outside of the bacterial cell wall. What is it? |
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| Glycocalyces = “sugar cup” that consist ofPolypeptides(proteins),Polysaccharides Or both. |
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| Two Types of Glycocalyces-QOT If the glycocalyx is organized and tightly attached=? |
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| Capsule-QOT |
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| Two Types of Glycocalyces-QOT If the glycocalyx is unorganized and loosely attached =? |
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| Slime Layer-QOT |
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| 3 Functions of Capsules and Slime Layers |
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| 1.They aid in attachment to surfaces. 2. They prevent phagocytosis by WBC which increases the bacteria’s pathogenicity. (capsule slide in lab) 3. They protect the bacteria from dehydration. |
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| What advantage does a glycocalyx provide a cell?-QOT |
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| A glycocalyx provides protection from dying and being devoured. It may also help atach cells to one another and to surfaces in the environment.-QOT |
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| Capsules allow the bacteria to attach to solid surfaces and form? |
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| biofilms. |
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| Where do Biofilms form? (name 7 places) |
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| Teeth Tonsils Infected tissues Plastic catheters IUD Metal pacemakers Industrial pipelines. |
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| What are Biofilms? |
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| Biofilms are a complex community of microbes that form a protective adhesive matrix that attaches microbes to surfaces. |
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| what is a slimy community of microbes growing on a surface? |
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| Biofilms |
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| Microbes in a biofilm can be different what? 2 things |
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| genera and species |
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| In lab, we will learn to recognize Capsules using? |
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| Negative stains |
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| Negative Stains allow us to? Why? |
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| “see” capsules because the capsule does not take up the stain. Capsule appears white |
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| One example of a Negative Stain in lab uses the stain-QOT |
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| India ink-QOT |
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| does the stain, India ink, penetrate the capsule? |
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| NO |
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| What does the capsule show up as using the stain India ink? |
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| the capsule shows up as a white “halo” around K. pneumoniae. |
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| What are functions of a capsule? |
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| Aid in attachment to surfaces Capsules inhibit phagocytosis and intracellular digestion by phagocytic cells Prevent drying out Enhance formation of biofilms, stick to surfaces |
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| [image] |
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| [image] |
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| [image] |
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| Prokaryotic Cell |
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| [image] |
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| Glycocalyx Capsule |
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| External Structures to the Cell Wall : Appendages include: |
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| Flagella for swimming Pili for exchanging genetic info Fimbriae for attaching to surfaces |
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| Bacterial Flagella Can move by means of rotating flagella how many degrees? |
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| 360?. |
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| Flagella are easily seen with which type of microscope? |
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| electron microscope. |
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| Can Flagella be seen with a light microscope? |
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| No |
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| Flagella are so thin they must be stained with a _____ Stain to observe under a light microscope. |
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| Flagella |
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| Functions of Flagella |
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| 1.Propel microorganism away from harm 2.Propel microorganism toward food |
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| Flagella Movement is called? |
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| Taxis(taxi cab) |
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| Positive taxis means to? |
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| move towards |
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| Negative taxis means to? |
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| move away |
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| 3 Examples of Taxis: |
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| Movement toward light = positive phototaxis Movement toward chemical = positive chemotaxis Flagella move bacteria by runs and tumbles |
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| . Flagella move bacteria by ___ and _____? |
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| runs and tumbles |
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| When the flagellum runs what is it doing? |
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| flagellum rotates counterclockwise and cell swims forward. |
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| Runs is called what 2 things? |
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| Runs called positive chemotaxis, or positive phototaxis |
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| Prokaryotic movement-Run |
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| [image] |
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| Prokaryotic Movement Tumble |
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| [image] |
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| When the flagella tumbles, what does it do? |
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| flagellum rotates clockwise and cell stops and tumbles and changes direction. |
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| Tumbles are abrupt, random, changes in direction that ____? QOT |
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| increase under unfavorable stimuli. QOT |
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| Tumbles cause what kinds of taxis? |
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| Tumbles cause negative chemotaxis, or negative phototaxis |
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| Flagella are arranged in four ways-QOT |
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| Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous |
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| Flagella are arranged in four ways 1. Monotrichous= |
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| one flagellum at end -QOT |
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| Flagella are arranged in four ways: 2. Lophotrichous= |
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| clump of flagella called a tuft, at one end of the cell-QOT |
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| Flagella are arranged in four ways: 3. Amphitrichous= |
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| flagella at two ends of cell-QOT |
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| Flagella are arranged in four ways: 4. Peritrichous= |
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| flagella covering entire cell- QOT |
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| Monotrichous= one flagellum at end |
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| [image] |
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| Lophotrichous = tuft of flagella at one end |
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| [image] |
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| Amphitrichous = flagella at both ends |
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| [image] |
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| Peritrichous = surrounded by flagella |
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| [image] |
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Endoflagella form an Axial Filament |
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| [image] |
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| Endoflagella form an Axial Filament, These bacteria move though their environment with a ____ rotation? |
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| “corkscrew” |
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| The microbe that causes _______ is a spirochete with an endoflagella. |
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| syphilis, Treponema pallidum |
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Treponemapallidumcauses syphilis = spirochete |
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| [image] |
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| Are Fimbriae and Pili invloved in locomotion? |
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| NO-QOT |
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| Are Fimbriae and Pili invloved in interations with other cells? QOT |
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| YES |
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| Characteristics of fimbriae? |
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sticky, proteinaceous, bristlelike fibers.  they make the bacterium look like a porcupine. There may be hundreds or thousands of fimbriae per bacterial cell.  |
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| There may be hundreds or thousands of _____ per bacterial cell. |
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| fimbriae |
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| Fimbriae enable microbes to |
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| stick to each other and to other surfaces. |
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| Fimbriae can serve as _____ factors and are also called ______. |
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| adherence factors , adhesions |
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| Fimbriae are found forming ______. |
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| biofilms |
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| Remember: Biofilms are slimy masses of bacteria adhering to surface such as: |
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| Rocks Glass Human tissue Catheters Industrial pipeline Aggregates of bacteria in liquid. |
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| Fimbriae vs. Flagella |
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| [image] |
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| Pilus, pili Also called: |
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| Conjugation pilus or Sex pilus |
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| Pili are long hollow tubules composed of _____? |
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| protein. |
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| Pilus, pili are found in |
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| gram negative bacteria. |
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| gram negative bacteria usually have_____ pili per microbe. |
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| one or two |
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| Pili join two_____ together and transfer___ from one bacterial cell to another bacteria. What is this transfer called? |
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| bacterial cells, DNA. This transfer is called conjugation. |
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| What is Conjugation? |
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| Conjugation is a form of genetic exchange between bacteria. (Remember bacteria replicate asexually)-QOT |
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| Remember bacteria replicate _____? |
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| asexually-QOT |
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| Photo of Conjugation |
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| [image] |
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| Three Parts of Prokaryotic Cell |
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| 1.Structures external to cell wall 2.The cell envelope 3.Structures internal to the cell wall. |
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| Cell Envelope consist of two parts: |
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| 1.cell wall of prokaryotic cell 2.cell membrane of prokaryotic cell |
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| Do human cells have a cell wall? |
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| No |
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| The Cell Wall of Bacteria is just outside the bacteria’s ______. |
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| cell membrane |
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| Bacterial Cell wall provides? (3 things)-QOT |
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| 1.Shape and rigidity 2.Protects bacterial cell from toxic substances 3.Most importantly, the cell wall prevents the cell from bursting or exploding in hypotonic solutions. (Fluid in our body) |
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| Bacterial Cell wall is made up of ?-QOT |
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| Repeating layers of rigid carbohydrate and protein layers called peptidoglycan (PG). |
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| Archaea have cell walls but they are not made up of______? |
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| peptidoglycan. |
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| Peptidoglycan is macromolecule found ONLY in _______?-QOT |
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| bacteria. Try to visualize a layered chain length fence, now stack the chain length fences one on top of the other. |
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| Peptidoglycan is made up of long chains of? |
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| polysaccharides (sugars) called glycans |
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| Peptidoglycan is macromolecule found ONLY in _______?-QOT |
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| bacteria. |
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| Glycans are cross linked with _______ made up of four amino acids. |
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| short peptide |
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| The glycans (polysaccharides sugars) are made up of chemicals called? |
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| 1.N-acetylglucosamine or glucosamine abbreviated NAG 2. N-acetylmuramic acid or muramic acid abbreviated NAM |
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| Two basic types of bacterial cell walls are?-QOT |
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| 1.Gram positive (20-80 nm, thick layer of PG) 2.Gram negative (2-7nm, thin layer of PG) |
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| Gram-Positive Cell Walls Have thick layers of _______ pressed tightly against the cell membrane. There is little space between the cell wall and cell membrane. |
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| peptidoglycan |
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Bacterial Cell Walls  |
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| [image] |
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| Cell walls of gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet dye in _______ procedure. QOT |
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| Gram staining-Bacteria appear purple under magnification. |
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| Gram-Negative Cell Walls are composed of a much thinner layer of _____?-QOT |
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| peptidoglycan. |
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| In Gram-Negative Cell Walls Periplasmic space is located where? |
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| on either side (surrounds) the peptidoglycan layer. |
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| Why is the Gram negative cell’s Outer Membrane unlike any other membrane in nature? |
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| The outer membrane has a lipid bi-layer. The inner leaflet of the outer membrane is made up of phospholipids and proteins (similar to a human cell membrane). |
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| The more important outside leaflet of the Outer Membrane is made up of what layer?-QOT |
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| Lipopolysaccharides layer called the LPS. |
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| The lipid portion of LPS is known as?-QOT |
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| Lipid A = endotoxin |
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| Functions of LPS layer-QOT |
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| 1.LPS forms a protective barrier which excludes toxic compounds to bacteria including antibiotics 2.LPS resist phagocytocis and resist complement proteins. 3.When gram negative bacteria die, the LPS releases Lipid A an endotoxin. |
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| Lipid A causes: KNOW THESE |
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| Fever Inflammation Vasodilation that can lead to shock Blood coagulation Fibrinolysis (breakdown of blood clots) Weakness Diarrhea, vomiting, gas Intestinal hemorrhage |
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| Any infection with Gram negative bacteria is cause for concern.Why?-QOT |
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| Because treatment with antibiotics may kill the bacteria Release Lipid A Giving the antibiotic may cause more harm than good due to consequences: Lipid A.(Many types of Gastroenteritis caused by Gram – bacteria) |
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| When covered with the decolorizer, does the Cell Wall of gram negative bacteria retain the crystal violet dye after decolorization?-QOT |
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| No it does not |
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| Gram negative bacteria cells look red under microscope due to what? |
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| counterstain with saffarin dye |
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| Name 4 Characteristics of Gram negative cell walls |
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| 1.Outer membrane contains LPS an extra barrier. 2.More impervious to antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, and disinfectants 3.More difficult to kill than Gram + 4.Lipid A causes gas, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, fever, inflammation, vasodilation, shock, blood clotting, fibrinolysis, GI bleeding |
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| Penicillin and cephalosporin kill bacteria by targeting the synthesis of ? |
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| PG |
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| Penicillin and cephalosporin kill bacteria by targeting the synthesis of ? |
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| PG |
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| Why does penicillin and cephalosporin not harm animal cells(Human cells)? QOT |
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| because animal cell’s lack cell wall and PG. |
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| Why do Penicillin and cephalosporin (barring allergic reactions) have few side affects on humans? |
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| because they target the PG layer of the cell wall of bacteria |
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| Do Archaea Cell Walls have peptidoglycan? |
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| Archael Cell Walls do not have peptidoglycan and are classified as a separate Domain. |
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| Archael cell walls contain variety of specialized what? |
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| polysaccharides and proteins. |
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| Do Archaea Cell Walls have peptidoglycan? |
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| Archael Cell Walls do not have peptidoglycan and are classified as a separate Domain. |
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| Most Archaea live in ______ environments”. |
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| “normal" |
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| Have Archaea been found to be pathogenic to humans? |
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| No |
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| Have Archaea been found to be pathogenic to humans? |
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| No |
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| Some Archael cells can live in extreme environment such as? Name 4 things |
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| Hot springs Polar regions Dead Sea Bottom of oceans. |
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| Examples of Eukaryote’s Cell Walls: Name 3 things |
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| Plants and fungi have cell walls Plants have cellulose in their cell wall Fungi have chitin in their cell walls |
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| Prokaryote’s Cell Walls: |
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| Bacteria and Archaea have cell walls Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
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| Some bacteria lack cell wall entirely nameone-QOT |
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae naturally lacks a cell wall. Mycoplasma pneumonia causes atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia |
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| Bacteria that lack cell walls will have a range of shapes from ____ to _____. |
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| filamentous to spherical. |
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| In the past, these bacteria that lacked a cell wall were mistaken for viruses because they are |
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| so small in size. |
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| Prokaryotic cell membrane is composed of |
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| lipids and proteins in a phospholipid bilayer. |
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| There are no steroids in prokaryotic cell membranes. (Remember this!! QOT) |
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| There are no steroids in prokaryotic cell membranes. (Remember this!! QOT) |
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| Do Eukaryotic cells have steroids in cell membranes?-QOT |
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| YES |
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| Proteins in Bacterial cell membrane function as: 5 things |
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| Recognition proteins Enzymes Receptors Carrier proteins Channel proteins |
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| Proteins in Bacterial Cell Membrane are the sites for: 3 things |
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| Energy reactions Nutrient processing and synthesis Regulating transport. |
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| Is the Bacterial Cell membrane selectively permeable? By what modes of transport? |
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| Yes passive transport or active transport. |
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| The Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes contains what 7 things? QOT |
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| Proteins Ribosomes (70s) Lipids Enzymes Ions Waste Inclusions (reserve deposits of lipids, CHO, or vesicles that store gases) |
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| Bacteria have thousands of _____(sites of protein synthesis) in the cytoplasm. |
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| ribosomes |
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| Are Bacterial ribosomes smaller or larger in size than eukaryotes ribosomes?-QOT |
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| Smaller-QOT |
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| Bacterial ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of what number?-QOT |
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| 70s |
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| Eukaryotic Ribosomes have a sedimentations rate of?-QOT |
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| 80s |
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| Certain Antibiotics can selectively target the bacteria’s _________ which will inhibit ________ in the bacteria. |
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| ribosomes of 70s, protein synthesis |
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| If the bacteria cannot carry out protein synthesis, what will happen? |
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| it will die. |
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| Why do hypertonic solutions kill bacteria that would otherwise spoil these foods?-QOT |
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| Bacteria crenate (lose water) |
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| What are some examples of foods that are preserved in hypertonic salt environment? |
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| Pickles are preserved in a hypertonic salt environment: Salted hams, salted fish |
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| What is an example of a food that is preserved in hypertonic sugar environment? |
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| Jams and jellies are preserved in hypertonic sugar environment Pickles are preserved in a hypertonic salt environment: Salted hams, salted fish |
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| Dehydration preserves dried fruit, dried grains. Why don't the bacteria metabolize? |
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| Because bacteria need water to metabolize |
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| Do Eukaryotic Cells all have Cell Membranes? |
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| Yes |
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| Plants = |
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| cell membrane, cell wall (cellulose), DNA |
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| Algae = |
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| cell membrane, some cell wall, DNA |
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| Fungi = |
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| cell membrane, cell wall (chitin), DNA |
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| Animals = |
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| cell membrane, DNA |
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| Protozoa = |
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| cell membrane, DNA |
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| External Structures of Eukaryotic Cells: Animals and protozoa cells lack cell wall but some contain_____(capsules) which anchor cells together |
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| glycocalyces |
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| Fungi, algae, and plants lack _____ but contain____ |
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| glycocalyces, cell walls |
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| Flagella = |
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| extensions of cell membrane; protozoa, sperm cells of mammals (also in bacteria) |
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| Cilia located on some _____ cells |
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| eukaryotic |
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| Do Bacteria have cilia?-QOT |
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| Bacteria do not have cilia! |
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| Nucleus contains? |
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| DNA which is surrounded by nuclear membrane |
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| Cytoplasm contains: |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles, and Vesicles, Centrioles Mitochondria Chloroplasts |
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| Membranous ans Nonmembranous organelles |
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| [image] |
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Comparision of Prokaryote’s and Eukaryote’s |
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| [image] |
