Nutrition Final (Unit 2) – Flashcards
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Approximately what fraction of the body's total glycogen content is found in the liver?
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1/3
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Which sweetener contains a significant amount of iron?
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Molasses
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What is the composition of lactose?
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One glucose and one galactose unit
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What nutrient has accounted for virtually all of the increase in kcal intake of people in the United States since the 1970s?
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Carbohydrate
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Excessive consumption of soft drinks, orange juice, and sports drinks increases risk for development of caries because they contain sugar and ____.
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Low pH
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Which statement is true of resistant starch?
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It resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes
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What is the predominant grain product in much of South and Central America?
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Corn
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What is stevia?
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An herb-derived sweetener
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What type of nutrient is starch?
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Complex carbohydrate
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Which of the following is true of carbohydrate cravings and addictions?
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The addiction does not appear to be physiological or pharmacological
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What is the best definition of resistant starch?
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A fiber that escapes digestion in the small intestine
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What is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?
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Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon
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What is the staple grain of Canada, the United States, and Europe?
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Wheat
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Which activity is more effective in preventing the formation of dental caries than restricting intake of sugary foods?
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Regular tooth brushing and flossing
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High-fructose corn syrup is manufactured by adding an enzyme to cornstarch that creates fructose from ____.
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Glucose
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What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?
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Glycogen
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What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?
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Fibers
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Which statement is true of sugar alcohols?
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They provide kcalories
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What is a byproduct of the condensation of two molecules of glucose?
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Water
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What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?
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Fructose
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When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?
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Epinephrine
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What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?
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70-100
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In the time between meals, what organ releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels?
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Liver
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What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
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Condensation
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Which food will provide 6 to 8 grams of fiber?
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1/2 cup baked beans
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A lacto-ovo vegetarian wishing to ensure a liberal intake of linolenic acid should consume ____.
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Canola oil and walnuts
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Which product has the highest percentage of its fat in polyunsaturated form?
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Corn oil
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What is the recommended range of daily fat consumption for an individual on a 2000 calorie diet?
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45 to 75 grams
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Which example characterizes enterohepatic circulation?
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Recycling of bile from the intestine to the liver
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Of the total fat content of the most commonly eaten nuts in the United States, what is the approximate percentage of monounsaturated fat?
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59
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In which form are most dietary lipids found?
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Triglycerides
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Which statement is true of fat in the diet of athletes?
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IDK
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About how much cholesterol is synthesized by the liver every day?
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300-500?
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Approximately what percentage of the body's energy needs at rest is supplied by fat?
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60
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The oils found in walnuts, soybeans, flaxseed, and wheat germ represent a good source of preformed ____.
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Linolenic acid
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Chylomicrons are synthesized within the ____.
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Intestinal cells
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Which statement describes is a feature of choline?
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It is a part of lecithin.
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Which product provides abundant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids?
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Flaxseed oil
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What tissue contains special receptors for removing low-density lipoproteins from the circulation?
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Liver
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cholesterol?
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It is a precursor for bile and vitamin D synthesis
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For most adults, what is the recommended minimum amount of fat that should be consumed, as a percentage of total energy intake?
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20
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Which source of lipids should be substituted for saturated fats to help lower blood cholesterol levels?
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Canola oil
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What is the major source of "good" cholesterol?
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Endogenous synthesis
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Which statement best describes the nutritional value of eggs?
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Although it is high in cholesterol, the egg is low in saturated fat
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Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of
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Certain eicosanoids
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A major feature of the Mediterranean diet is liberal intake of ____.
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Olive oil
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An important function of fat in the body is to ____.
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Protect vital organs against shock
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Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of ____.
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Double bonds
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Spherical complexes of emulsified fats are known as ____.
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Micelles
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A person who regularly consumes fish such as shark, king mackerel, and swordfish is at risk for ingesting potentially toxic amounts of ____.
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Mercury
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What is the process by which heat or acidity disrupts the normal shape of a protein chain?
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Denaturation
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Excessive amounts of homocysteine in the blood are thought to increase the risk for ____.
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Heart disease
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What is the usual state of nitrogen balance for healthy infants, children, and pregnant women?
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Positive
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Which of the following may be used to determine protein utilization?
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Nitrogen balance
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Which statement describe a relationship between protein/amino acids and heart disease?
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Elevated blood homocystenine levels are associated with smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol
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Which substance is involved in the clotting of blood?
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Fibrin
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What function does a buffer perform?
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It helps maintain a constant pH
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What is a feature of the protein RDA?
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The recommendations are generous
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What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin and the vitamin niacin?
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Tryptophan
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Which amino acid has been reported to lower blood pressure and reduce homocysteine levels?
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Arginine
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Which item is an essential amino acid?
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Leucine
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Which term is used to classify amino acids in the diet?
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Essiential
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In general, the protein quality in grains would be most improved by the addition of a plant protein rich in ____.
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Lysine
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What is a consequence of excess protein intake?
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Increased production of excretion of urea
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What is the process whereby an amino group is combined with a keto acid to form an amino acid?
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Transamination
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In what organ is pepsin active?
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Stomach
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Which of the following is a feature of whey protein?
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It is a waste product of cheese production.
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What is the most likely side effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet?
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Increased thirst
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Which statement describes an association between protein intake and kidney function?
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Restricting protein intake may slow the progression of kidney disease.
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What best describes the structure of pepsin?
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Protein
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Which of the following food proteins has the best assortment of essential amino acids for the human body?
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Egg
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How do sodium and potassium travel into and out of cells?
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Transport proteins within the cell membrane pick up and release the minerals across the membrane.
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What amino acid has been linked to the development of the rare blood disorder eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in people who took it as a supplement?
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Tryptophan
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The function of a protease is to ____.
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Hydrolyze proteins
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The study of how food interacts with genes is known as ____.
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Nutritional geonomics
