Nutrition Final Exam Questions – Flashcards

a set of values for the dietary nutrient intakes of healthy people in the US and Canada

the daily average amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age or group (**ALL nutrients with an RDA have an EAR)

the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people (98%); goal for dietary intake by individuals

maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects

adequacy; balance; kcal (energy) control; nutrient density; moderation; variety

diarrhea; skin rashes; fatigue

sometimes expressed as %; "ballpark" estimate of contribution to total diet; based on 2000 kcal/day

10-35%

20-35%

45-65%

intake ranges of energy-yielding nutrients that provides adequate energy and nutrients; may reduce risk of chronic diseases

measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides; the more of nutrients and fewer kcals, the higher of this

ingredients (listed in order of predominance); daily values/%DV of total kcal, kcal from fat, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbs, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium

statements that characterize the quantity of nutrient in a food (must meet FDA definitions)

statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient in a food and a disease/health-related conditions ("A" list can stand alone without extra qualification; "B," "C," "D" have to note that there is little evidence

can be made without FDA approval; defines relationship between nutrient in food and its role in the body

part of the grain that remains after being refined

2300 mg/day

gastric enzyme (active in the stomach) that hydrolyzes protein (protease); secreted in its inactive form

130 g

1. bacterial infection with H. pylori 2. use of anti-inflammatory drugs (ex: aspirin, naproxen) 3. disorders causing excessive gastric acid excretion

duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum

chewing

wavelike contractions that push food down in the GI tract

pyloric sphincter closes tightly to prevent bolus from reaching small intestine; further breakdown of bolus in stomach turns it into a chyme

periodic squeezing/partitioning of intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles; maximizes absorption of nutrients

sphincter between esophagus and stomach

sphincter between stomach and duodeunum

sphincter between ileum and large intestine

help hydrolyze nutrients into smaller molecules that make it easier to absorb (ex: gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, salivary amylase)

secreted by salivary glands; initiate digestion of carbs; protects teeth and linings of mouth, esophagus, and stomach

secreted by gastric glands; primarily acts in protein digestion; inhibits salivary amylase

secreted by pancreatic glands; releases sodium bicarbonate; has enzymes that breaks down all three energy-yielding nutrients

released in pancreatic juices; neutralizes chyme before entering duodenum

secreted by gallbladder, produced by liver; acts as an emulsifier (suspends fats in water so enzymes can break them down)

fingerlike projections form the folds of the small intestine; sends nutrients either to portal vein or lymphatic vessel

tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells

nutrients absorbed by the microvilli that are water-soluble enter the portal vein and get sent to the liver, where it detoxifies the blood before sending it to the heart

fats and fat-soluble nutrients go through here first, pass the liver, accumulate in the thoracic duct and enter the subclavian vein (where lymph enters blood stream to heart)

dysfunctional/weak lower esophageal sphincter; HCl released in stomach leaks into esophagus

not enough fluid absorption took place in intestines; chyme has moved through intestines too quickly

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

pairs of monosaccharides (lactose, sucrose, maltose)

large molecules composed of chains of monosaccharides (glycogen, starches, fibers)

3-10 sugar units (raffinose, stachyose)

nonstarch; dissolve in water to form a gel (ex: pectin)

nonstarch; do not dissolve in water; help promote bowel movements (think of how you always see corn kernel skins in poop)

more lactose consumed than lactase available to hydrolyze lactose; causes bloating, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea

1. store as glucagon 2. energy 3. convert to fat in excess

maintain normal blood glucose concentration (one promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose; other promotes building of glycogen from excess glucose)

pancreas fails to produce insulin; less common

cells fail to respond to insulin

25 g

25-35 g/day

1. eat raw veggies 2. eat fresh and dried fruit for snacks 3. add legumes to soups, salads, and casseroles 4. eat whole-grain breads containing >3 g fiber/serving 5. eat whole-grain cereals containing >5 g fiber/serving 6. eat fruits (pears) and vegetables (potatoes) with their skins

tiny spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during digestion; most contain bile salts and the products of lipid digestion, including fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol

class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body

made primarily of triglycerides; transports lipids to various tissues of the body

made primarily of cholesterol; made from VLDL as triglycerides are removed and broken down

made primarily of protein; transports cholesterol back to the liver from cells

omega-3; anti-inflammatory (ratio should be 4:1)

omega-6; inflammatory (ratio should be 4:1)

65g (30% of 2000 kcal diet)

20g (10% of 2000 kcal diet)

300 mg

lean meats; fat-free and low-fat dairies

histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine

-building materials in growth and maintenance -enzymes -hormones -fluid balance regulators -acid-base regulators -transporters -antibodies -gluconeogenesis to make new glucose -blood clotting -vision

higher protein input than output; seen in pregnant women and growing kids

higher protein output than input; seen in starving people and people w/ severe stresses on body

ammonia (reacts with CO2 to make urea and leave the body as urine); keto acid (used in anabolic reactions to make glucose, ketones, etc.)

- digestibility (plant proteins less digestible) - amino acid composition (if all essential a.a. are present or not)

deficiency in protein, energy, or both; includes kwashiorkor and marasmus

"wet" and "acute" PEM; edema

"dry" and "chronic" PEM; muscle wasting; just skin and bones

-heart disease -cancer -osteoporosis (excess protein promotes excess calcium excretion from bones) -obesity -kidney stones/kidney disease (kidneys work harder with more protein)

0.8 g/kg/day

all the ways the body obtains and uses energy from food

small molecules build up to a big molecule

big molecules break down to small molecules

break down to glucose molecules, store as glycogen if not needed

break down to amino acids

break down to glycerol and fatty acids

glucose used for glycogen and body fat stores; fat used for body fat stores; protein used for body proteins, loss of nitrogen in urine as urea, and body fat stores

STAGE ONE: glycogen stores broken down for energy throughout the body; body fat stores broken down for energy in cells other than CNS and RBC STAGE TWO: body protein broken down to make ketone bodies and glucose; body fat broken down to make ketone bodies

liver is major site of this; requires liver to stop metabolism of everything else until alcohol is completely out of system

3500 kcal

triggered in ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus); signal fullness

triggered in lateral hypothalamus

MEN 19 Y.O.: EER = [662-(9.53xAGE)] + physical.activity x [(15.91xWEIGHT) + (539.6xHEIGHT)] WOMEN 19 Y.O.: EER = [354-(6.91xAGE)] + physical.activity x [(9.36xWEIGHT) + (725xHEIGHT)]

rate at which body expends energy for life-sustaining activities

-change in circumstance/physical condition -highest in growing children and those with lots of lean body mass

kg/m^2 -OR- (lb/in^2) x 703.

-decrease in protection against diseases and medical stresses -women may be infertile or give birth to unhealthy infants -osteoporosis/bone fractures

obesity; diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, some cancers, gallbladder disease, kidney stones, respiratory problems, infertility, complications in pregnancy&surgery; increased mortality

characterized by refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight and distortion in perception of body shape and weight; intense fear of gaining weight; amenorrhea in females past puberty

characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives/diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise

BMI of 25.0-29.9

BMI of 30.0 or greater

cells increase first by size, then by number; obese people tend to have a lot of large fat cells

-eat regular meals and limit snacking -drink water instead of high-kcal beverages -select sensible portion sizes and limit daily energy intake to no more than energy expended -become physically active and limit sedentary activities

-restful sleep -nutritional health -optimal body composition -optimal bone density -resistance to colds and other infectious diseases -low risks to some types of cancers -strong circulation and lung function -low risk of cardiovascular disease -low risk of type 2 diabetes -reduced risk of gallbladder disease -low incidence/severity of anxiety&depression -strong self-image -long life and high quality of life in later years

can split its phosphate groups to add to ADP; can take a phosphate group away from ATP during rest