question

What are the two classifications of vitamins? How are they absorbed and excreted? Which is stored in the body?

answer

The two classifications of vitamins are fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-Soluble vitamins are absorbed like fats, first into the lymph, then the blood. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the blood. Fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted;tend to build up in the tissues. Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted in the urine. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body.

question

What are the 2 forms of Vitamin A? How do they differ?

answer

Retenoids - Animal Sources Carotenoids - Plant Sources

question

What are the antioxidant vitamins?

answer

- Beta-Carotene - Vitamin E - Vitamin C

question

Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene Functions: Vision; health of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; bone and tooth growth; regulation of gene expression; reproduction; immunity Beta Carotene:antioxidant Deficiency Symptoms: Anemia, Cessation of bone growth, Painful Joints, Impaired Enamel Formation, Cracks in Teeth, Tendency Toward Tooth Decay, Diarrhea, Changes in Intestinal and Other Body Linings, Frequent Infections, Night Blindness, Mental Depression, Keratinization, Corneal Degeneration Leading to Blindness, Rashes, Kidney Stones, Impaired Growth Toxicity: Red Blood Cell Breakage, Cessation of Menstruation, Nosebleeds, Bone Pain, Growth Retardation, Increased Pressure Inside the Skull, Headaches, Bone Abnormalities, Abdominal Pain, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Weight Loss, Over-reactive Immune System, Blurred Vision, Uncoordinated Muscles, Fatigue, Irritability, Loss of Appetite, Dry Skin, Rashes, Loss of Hair, Cracking and Bleeding of Lips, Brittle Nails, Hair Loss, Liver Enlargement, Liver Damage, Birth Defects Food Sources Retinol: Fortified Milk, Cheese, Cream, Butter, Fortified Margarine, Eggs, Liver Beta-Carotene: Spinach and other dark, leafy greens; broccoli; deep orange fruits and vegetables.

question

Vitamin D - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Vitamin D Functions: Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus via absorption from digestive tract and by withdrawing calcium from bones and stimulating retention by kidneys. Deficiency Disease Name: Rickets, Osteomalacia Deficiency Symptoms: Abnormal Growth, Misshapen Bones(bowing of legs), Soft Bones, Join Pain, Malformed Teeth, Muscle Spasms Toxicity: Raised Blood Calcium, Calcification of Blood Vessels and Heart Tissues, Calcification of Tooth Soft Tissues, Thinning of Tooth Enamel, Excessive Thirst, Headaches, Irritability, Loss of Appetite, Weakness, Nausea, Calcification and Harm to Soft Tissues(kidneys, lungs, joints), Heart Damage Food Sources Self-Synthesis with Sunlight, Fortified Milk and Other Fortified Foods, Liver, Sardines, Salmon

question

Vitamin E - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Vitamin E Functions: Antioxidant, Stabilization of Cell Membranes, Support of Immune Function, Protection of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Normal Nerve Development Deficiency Symptoms: Red Blood Cell Breakage, Anemia, Nerve Degeneration, Weakness, Difficulty Walking, Leg Cramps Toxicity: Augments the Effects of Anti-clotting Medication, General Discomfort, Nausea, Blurred Vision, Fatigue Food Sources: Polyunsaturated Plant Oils(margarine, salad dressings, shortenings), Green and Leafy Vegetables, Wheat Germ, Whole-Grain Products, Nuts, Seeds

question

Vitamin K - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Vitamin K Functions: Synthesis of Blood-Clotting Proteins and Bone Proteins Deficiency Symptoms: Hemorrhage, Abnormal Bone Formation Toxicity: Interference with Anti-clotting Medication Food Sources: Green Leafy Vegetables, Cabbage Type Vegetables, Soybeans, Vegetable Oils

question

Vitamin C - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Vitamin C Functions: Collagen Synthesis(strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, matrix for bone growth), Antioxidant, Restores Vitamin E to Active Form, Hormone Synthesis, Supports Immune Cell Functions, Helps in Absorption of Iron Deficiency Disease Name: Scurvy Deficiency Symptoms: Immune Suppression, Frequent Infections, Bleeding Gums, Loosened Teeth, Muscle Degeneration and Pain, Depression, Disorientation, Bone Fragility, Joint Pain, Pinpoint Hemorrhages, Rough Skin, Blotchy Bruises, Failure of Wounds to Heal Toxicity: Nausea, Abdominal Cramps, Diarrhea, Excessive Urination, Headache, Fatigue, Insomnia, Aggravation of Gout, Rashes, Interference with Medical Tests, Kidney Stones in Susceptible People Food Sources: Citrus Fruits, Cabbage-Type Vegetables, Dark Green Vegetables, Cantaloupe, Strawberries, Peppers, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Potatoes, Papayas, Mangoes

question

Thiamin - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Thiamin Functions: Part of Coenzyme Active in Energy Metabolism Deficiency Disease Name: Beriberi Deficiency Symptoms: Edema, Enlarged Heart, Abnormal Heart Rhythms, Heart Failure, Muscle Degeneration, Wasting, Weakness, Pain, Apathy, Irritability, Difficulty Walking, Loss of Reflexes, Mental Confusion, Paralysis, Anorexia, Weight Loss Toxicity: No Symptoms Reported Food Sources: Occurs in All Nutritious Foods In Moderate Amounts: Pork, Ham, Bacon, Liver, Whole and Enriched Grains, Legumes, Seeds

question

Riboflavin - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Riboflavin Function: Part of Coenzyme Active in Energy Metabolism Deficiency Symptoms: Cracks at Corners of Mouth, Smooth Magenta Tongue, Sore Throat, Hypersensitivity to Light, Reddening of Cornea, Skin Rash Toxicity: No Symptoms Reported Food Sources: Milk, Yogurt, Cottage Cheese, Meat, Liver, Leafy Green Vegetables, Whole-Grain or Enriched Breads and Cereals

question

Niacin - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Niacin Functions: Part of Coenzymes Needed in Energy Metabolism Deficiency Disease Name: Pellagra Deficiency Symptoms: Diarrhea, Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, Black or Bright Red Swollen Smooth Tongue, Irritability, Loss of Appetite, Weakness, Headache, Dizziness, Mental Confusion Progressing to Psychosis or Delirium, Flaky Skin Rash on Areas Exposed to Sun Toxicity: Nausea, Vomiting, Painful Flush and Rash, Sweating, Liver Damage, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Vision Disturbances Food Sources: Synthesized from the Amino Acid Tryptophan, Milk, Eggs, Meat, Poultry, Fish, Whole-Grain and Enriched Breads and Cereals, Nuts, and All Protein-Containing Foods.

question

Folate - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Folate Function: Part of a Coenzyme Needed for New Cell Synthesis Deficiency Symptoms: Anemia, Elevated Homocysteine, Heartburn, Diarrhea, Constipation, Immune Suppression, Frequent Infections, Smooth Red Tongue, Increased Risk of Neural Tube Birth Defects, Depression, Mental Confusion, Fatigue, Irritability, Headache Toxicity: Masks Vitamin B12 Deficiency Food Sources: Asparagus, Avocado, Leafy Green Vegetables, Beets, Legumes, Seeds, Liver, Enriched Breads, Cereal, Pasta, and Grains.

question

Vitamin B12 - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Vitamin B12 Functions: Part of Coenzyme Needed in New Cell Synthesis, Helps to Maintain Nerve Cells Deficiency Symptoms: Anemia, Smooth Tongue, Fatigue, Nerve Degeneration Progressing to Paralysis, Tingling or Numbness of Skin Toxicity Symptoms: No Toxicity Symptoms Known Food Sources: Animal Products (Meat, Fish, Poultry, Milk, Cheese, Eggs)

question

Vitamin B6 - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Vitamin B6 Functions: Part of a coenzyme needed in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, helps convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin, helps to make hemoglobin for red blood cells. Deficiency Symptoms: Anemia, Depression, Confusion, Abnormal Brain Wave Pattern, Convulsions, Rashes, Greasy Skin, Scaly Skin, Dermatitis Toxicity: Bloating, Depression, Fatigue, Impaired Memory, Irritability, Headaches, Numbness, Damage to Nerves, Difficulty Walking, Loss of Reflexes, Restlessness, Convulsions, Skin Lesions Food Sources: Meats, Fish, Poultry, Liver, Legumes, Fruits, Potatoes, Whole Grains, Soy Products

question

Which vitamin is related to night blindness?

answer

Vitamin A

question

Which vitamin may be toxic during pregnancy?

answer

Vitamin A

question

Which vitamin is known as the sunshine vitamin?

answer

Vitamin D

question

Which vitamin is needed for calcium absorption and healthy bones?

answer

Vitamin D

question

Which vitamin may be affected by the use of antibiotics?

answer

Vitamin K

question

Which vitamin do smokers need more of?

answer

Vitamin C

question

Which vitamin do alcoholics need more of?

answer

Vitamin C

question

Which vitamin needs stomach acid for absorption?

answer

Vitamin B12

question

Which vitamin is likely to be deficient in vegans and the elderly?

answer

Vitamin B12

question

Which vitamins are involved in energy metabolism?

answer

B Vitamins - Vitamin B6 - Vitamin B12 - Thiamin - Riboflavin - Niacin - Folate - Pantothenic Acid - Biotin

question

Which vitamin uses tryptophan as a precursor?

answer

Niacin

question

Define pellagra

answer

The niacin-deficiency disease. Symptoms include the "4 Ds": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and ultimately, death.

question

Define Beri-Beri

answer

The thiamin-deficiency disease; characterized by loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action.

question

Define Scurvy

answer

The vitamin C-deficiency disease.

question

Define Spina Bifida

answer

A neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the bone encasement of the spinal cord.

question

Define Neural Tube Defects

answer

Abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord apparent at birth and associated with low folate intake in women before and during pregnancy. The neural tube is the earliest brain and spinal cord structure formed during gestation.

question

Define Pernicious Anemia

answer

A vitamin B12-deficiency disease, caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by large, immature red blood cells and damage to the nervous system.

question

Define Rickets

answer

The vitamin D-deficiency disease in children; characterized by abnormal growth of bone and manifested in bowed legs or knocking Knesset, outward bowed chest, and knobs on the ribs.

question

Define Osteomalacia

answer

The adult expression of vitamin D-deficiency disease, characterized by an overabundance of unmineralized bone protein. Symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs.

question

What are some valid reasons for taking supplements?

answer

- People with nutrient deficiencies. - Women who are capable of becoming pregnant. - Pregnant of lactating women. - Newborns - Infants - Those who are lactose intolerant. - Habitual dieters. - Elderly people often benefit from some of the vitamins and minerals in a balanced supplement. - Victims of AIDS or other wasting illnesses. - Those addicted to drugs or alcohol. - Those recovering from surgery, weight-loss surgery, burns, injury, or illness. - Strict vegetarians. - People taking medications that interfere with the body's use of nutrients.

question

What are the two categories of minerals? What are the differences between them.

answer

Major Minerals: Essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day. Also called macrominerals. Trace Minerals: Essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day. Also called microminerals.

question

Iodine - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - A component of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which helps to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. Deficiency Symptoms: - Goiter - Cretinism Toxicity Symptoms: - Depressed thyroid activity. - Goiter like thyroid enlargement. Food Sources: - Iodized Salt - Seafood - Bread - Plants grown in most parts of the country and animals fed by those plants.

question

Chromium - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - Associated with insulin; needed for energy release from glucose. Deficiency Symptoms: - Abnormal glucose metabolism. Toxicity Symptoms: - Possibly skin eruptions. Food Sources: - Meat - Unrefined Grains - Vegetable Oils

question

Fluoride - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Function: - Helps form bones and teeth; confers decay resistance on teeth. Deficiency Symptoms: - Susceptibility to tooth decay. Toxicity Symptoms: - Fluorosis(discoloration) of teeth. - Skeletal fluorosis(weak malformed bones) - Nausea - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Chest Pain - Itching Food Sources: - Fluoridated Drinking Water - Tea - Seafood

question

Calcium - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - Mineralization of bones and teeth. - Muscle contraction and relaxation. - Nerve functioning. - Blood clotting. Deficiency Symptoms: - Stunted growth and weak bones in children. - Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults. Toxicity Symptoms: - Elevated blood calcium. - Constipation. - Interference with absorption of other minerals. - Increased risk of kidney stone formation.

question

Iron - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - Carries oxygen as part of hemoglobin in blood or myoglobin in muscles - Required for cellular energy metabolism. Deficiency Symptoms: - Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches. - Impaired mental and physical work performance. - Impaired immunity. - Pale skin, nail-beds, and mucous membranes. - Concave nails - Chills - Pica Toxicity Symptoms: - GI distress - With chronic iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage. Food Sources: - Clams - Beef Steak - Navy Beans - Black Beans - Enriched Cereal - Spinach - Swiss Chard - Beef Liver

question

Phosphorus - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - Mineralization of bones and teeth. - Part of phospholipids - Important in genetic material. - Important in energy metabolism. - Important in buffering systems. Deficiency Symptoms: - Muscular Weakness - Bone Pain Toxicity Symptoms: - Calcification of soft tissues, particularly in the kidneys. Food Sources: - Cottage Cheese - Milk - Navy Beans - Salmon - Sirloin Steak - Sunflower Seeds

question

Zinc - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - Activates many enzymes. - Associated with hormones. - Synthesis of genetic material and proteins. - Transport of vitamin A - Taste perception. - Wound healing. - Reproduction. Deficiency Symptoms: - Growth retardation. - Delayed sexual maturation. - Impaired immune function. - Hair loss. - Eye and skin lesions. - Loss of appetite. Toxicity Symptoms: - Loss of appetite. - Impaired immunity. - Reduced copper and iron absorption. - Low HDL cholesterol. Food Sources: - Oysters - Beef Steak - Yogurt - Shrimp - Enriched Cereal - Pork Chop

question

Potassium - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance. - Facilitates chemical reactions. - Supports cell integrity. - Assists in nerve functioning and muscle contractions. Deficiency Symptoms: - Muscle weakness. - Paralysis. - Confusion. Toxicity Symptoms: - Muscle weakness - Vomiting - For an infant given supplements or when injected into a vein in an adult, potassium can stop the heart. Food Sources: - Orange Juice - Banana - Lima Beans - Salmon - Baked Potato - Honeydew Melon - Avocado

question

Magnesium - Major Functions - Deficiency Symptoms - Toxicity - Food Sources

answer

Major Functions: - Bone Mineralization - Protein Synthesis - Enzyme Action - Muscle Contraction - Nerve Function - Tooth Maintenance - Immune Function Deficiency Symptoms: - Weakness - Confusion - Convulsions - Uncontrollable Muscle Contractions - Hallucinations - Difficulty Swallowing - In Children: Growth Failure Toxicity Symptoms: - From nonfood sources: diarrhea, pH imbalance, dehydration. Food Sources: - Spinach - Black Beans - Soy Milk - Bran Cereal - Oysters - Yogurt

question

Pica

answer

A craving and intentional consumption of nonfood substances. Also known as geophagia when referring to clay eating and pagophagia when referring to ice craving. Pica is often seen in people with an iron deficiency.

question

Diuretic

answer

A compound, usually a medication, causing increased urinary water excretion; a "water pill".

question

Solvent

answer

A substance that dissolves another and holds it in a solution.

question

Ions

answer

Electrically charged particles, such as sodium or chloride.

question

Electrolyte

answer

Compounds that partly dissociate in water to form ions, such as the potassium ion and the chloride ion.

question

Osmosis

answer

Water moves across each cell's membrane(water-permeable divider) toward the higher concentration of salt(dissolved particles) on the surface.

question

Creatinism

answer

Severe mental and physical retardation of an infant caused by the mother's iodine deficiency during pregnancy.

question

Define Osteoporosis. Who is at risk? What can you do to lower your risk?

answer

Osteoporosis is a reduction of the bone mass of older person in which the bones become porous and fragile; also known as adult bone loss. Risk Factors: - Female - Menopause - Deficient Calcium Intake - Caucasian or Asian Heritage - Thinness ("small bones") - Cigarette Smoking - Excessive Alcohol Intake - Ovarectomy (ovaries removed) Before Age 45 - Physical Inactivity - Deficient Vitamin D Status - High Animal Protein Intake - Genetic Factors Prevention: - Exercise - Adequate Calcium Intake

question

Iron Deficiency and Toxicity in Children

answer

Deficiency in Children - More susceptible to lead poisoning. - Tired - Cold - Dizzy - Learning Disorders - Lack of Appetite - Hyperactivity - Shortened Attention Span - Pica Toxicity in Children - Iron toxicity in children can be harmful or fatal in large doses.

question

Factors that Affect Iron Absorption

answer

Dietary Factors that Increase Iron Absorption: - Heme form of iron. - Vitamin C - Meat, Fish, Poultry (MFP) Factor Dietary Factors that Hinder Iron Absorption - Nonheme form of iron. - Tea and Coffee - Calcium and Phosphorus - Phytates, Tannins, and Fiber

question

DASH Diet Recommendations Grains Fruits Vegetables Low Fat Dairy Meat Sodium

answer

Grains: 7 - 8 servings Fruits: 4-5 servings Vegetables: 4-5 servings Low Fat Dairy: 2-3 servings Meat: 2 or less servings Sodium: Less than 2300 mg

question

Normal Blood Pressure

answer

120/80

question

Diet Recommendations to Maintain Healthy Blood Pressure

answer

- Maintain Healthy Body Weight - Adopt a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat milk products with a reduced saturated fat intake. - Reduce dietary sodium intake to less than 2,400 milligrams sodium per day. - Physical Activity - Moderate Alcohol Consumption

question

Hard Water

answer

Water with high calcium and magnesium concentrations.

question

Soft Water

answer

Water with a high sodium concentration.

question

Tap Water Vs. Bottled Water

answer

All water comes from the same sources - surface water and ground water.

question

Obesity Health Risks

answer

- Cardiovascular Disease - High Blood Pressure - Diabetes - Arthritis - Gallbladder Disease - Stroke - Respiratory Problems - Flat Feet - Sleep Apnea - Varicose Veins - Accidents - Cancer (Breast, Uterus, Prostate, Colon)

question

Components of Energy Expenditure

answer

1. BMR 2. Physical Activity 3. Thermic Effect of Food

question

Factors that Affect BMR

answer

- Age - Height - Growth - Body Composition - Fever - Stress - Environmental Temperature - Fasting/Starvation - Malnutrition - Thyroxine

question

BMI - Define - Recommended BMI - How to calculate

answer

Definition: BMI is an indicator of obesity or underweight. Recommended BMI: 18.5% - 24.9% BMI = weight(lb) x 703 / Height (in.²)

question

How many calories = 1 pound?

answer

3,500 calories = 1 pound

question

What is the recommended weight loss goal per week?

answer

1-2 pounds per week

question

What is the recommended % body fat for men and women?

answer

Women: 20 - 30 % Fat is Healthy (30% > 40 years old) (Athletes: 15 - 19%) Men: 12 - 20% Fat is Healthy (25% > 40 years old) (Athletes: 7 - 11%)

question

Visceral Fat

answer

Stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs; also called intra-abdominal fat.

question

Subcutaneous Fat

answer

Fat stored directly under the skin.

question

Android Obesity

answer

- Excess fat around the abdomen. - "Apple" Shape

question

Gynoid Obesity

answer

- Excess fat in hips and thighs. - "Pear" Shape

question

Set Point Obesity Theory

answer

Set point theory says that the body has a certain set point for size and there is nothing anyone can do to change it. An obese individual's body size is genetically determined.

question

Thermogenesis I

answer

Thermogenesis I is related to the presence of brown fat (BAT), which is the fat that is used by the body to stay warm. Obese individuals have less brown fat and thus use no appreciable amounts to stay warm.

question

Thermogenesis II

answer

Thermogenesis II, or adaptive thermogenesis, is the body's adaptation to hot or cold environments. Both increase energy expenditure. Obese individuals have lower adaptation to hot or cold temperatures and thus use fewer fat calories to stay warm or cool.

question

Thermogenesis III

answer

Thermogenesis III is the diet-induced thermogenesis, which is heat produced after eating. Obese individuals do not utilize many calories during the digestion, transport or storage of nutrients.

question

Enzyme Obesity Theory

answer

Have more LPL enzyme that encourages fat storage.

question

Fat Cell Obesity Theory

answer

Fat cells increase in number if a child becomes obese. Fat cells can decrease in size but not number making it more likely that the person will gain weight later.

question

Leptin Obesity Theory

answer

Leptin is a hormone that increases after a meal and seems to turn off the need to eat. Some obese individuals appear to be immune to the effects of leptin.

question

Hunger

answer

The physiological need to eat, experienced as a drive for obtaining food; an unpleasant sensation that demands relief.

question

Appetite

answer

The psychological desire to eat; a learned motivation and a positive sensation that accompanies the sight, smell or thought of appealing foods.

question

Satiety

answer

The perception of fullness that lingers in the hours after a meal and inhibits eating until the next mealtime. Satiety generally determines the length of time between meals.

question

Satiation

answer

The perception of fullness that builds throughout a meal, eventually reaching the degree of fullness and satisfaction that halts eating. Satiation generally determines how much food is consumed at one sitting.

question

Weight Cycling

answer

Repeated rounds of weight loss and subsequent regain, with reduced ability to lose weight with each attempt; also called yo-yo dieting.

question

Gastric Bypass

answer

A weight loss surgery in which the surgeon constructs a small stomach pouch and creates an outlet directly to the lower small intestine.

question

Gastric Banding

answer

A weight loss surgery in which the surgeon uses a gastric band to reduce the opening from the esophagus to the stomach. The size of the opening can be adjusted by inflating or deflating the band.

question

What do weight loss drugs do?

answer

- Suppress appetite. - Anesthetizes the tongue, reducing taste sensations. - Inhibits pancreatic lipase activity, thus blocking dietary fat absorption by about 30%.

question

What are some known side effects of weight loss drugs?

answer

- Dry Mouth - Headache - Constipation - High Blood Pressure - Insomnia - Diarrhea - Gas - Reduced Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Rapid Pulse - Kidney Failure - Liver Failure - Seizures - Stroke

question

What is the best/healthiest way to lose weight?

answer

- Healthy Eating Habits/ Reduced Caloric Intake - Physical Activity/ Exercise - Nutrition Counseling - Behavior Modification

question

Behavior Modification Tips for Weight Loss

answer

1. Eliminate inappropriate eating cues. 2. Suppress the cues you cannot eliminate. 3. Strengthen cues to appropriate eating and exercise. 4. Repeat the desired eating and exercise behaviors. 5. Arrange or emphasize negative consequences for inappropriate eating. 6. Arrange or emphasize positive consequences for appropriate eating and exercise behaviors.

question

The main difference between major and trace minerals is: - major minerals are more important than trace minerals - major minerals are essential and trace minerals are not - major minerals are highly toxic and trace minerals are not - the RDA for major minerals is higher than the RDA for trace minerals

answer

the RDA for major minerals is higher than the RDA for trace minerals

question

This fat soluble vitamin is responsible for calcium absorption, bone and teeth mineralization, and the maintenance of blood calcium levels: - Calcium - Vitamin D - Vitamin B6 - Folate

answer

Vitamin D

question

Pica is: - a craving for non-food substances due to an iron deficiency - iron overload - the country where most iron deficiency is found - the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide

answer

a craving for non-food substances due to an iron deficiency

question

Which population of people has the greatest risk for having a B12 deficiency? - young children - pregnant women - smokers - the elderly

answer

the elderly

question

The best advice concerning diet and osteoporosis is: - consume adequate calcium (and sunshine) during growth years to achieve peak bone mass - after menopause, it is best to take a dietary supplement that contains calcium and vitamin D to help replace lost bone tissue - consuming antacids with calcium is a good idea - it is never too late to increase your bone mass

answer

consume adequate calcium (and sunshine) during growth years to achieve peak bone mass

question

Your friend is taking blood thinning medication that his doctor prescribed. Which fat soluble vitamin does your friend need to monitor? - B12 - vitamin C - zinc - vitamin K

answer

vitamin K

question

This is the trace mineral antioxidant: - iron - selenium - magnesium - vitamin C

answer

selenium

question

The majority of our body's phosphorus is stored in the: - blood. - bones. - liver. - kidneys.

answer

bones.

question

About 90% of vitamin E is stored in: - cell membranes. - adipose tissue. - the skin. - the liver.

answer

adipose tissue.

question

Research studies have consistently demonstrated an association between a reduced risk of cancer and: - the use of vitamin C supplements. - increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. - the use of beta-carotene supplements. - increased consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids.

answer

increased consumption of fruits and vegetables.

question

A deficiency of this trace mineral is common during pregnancy and in young children.

answer

iron

question

Bottled water is regulated more stringently than tap water. - True - False

answer

False

question

Chromium is the trace mineral that assists insulin in doing its job. - True - False

answer

True

question

The primary role of the B-complex vitamins is to: - provide the body with energy. - maintain acid-base balance. - act as coenzymes. - maintain and repair body tissues.

answer

act as coenzymes.

question

Which vitamin is "conditionally" essential since you can obtain it from protein foods? - vitamin C - vitamin K - niacin - vitamin B12

answer

niacin

question

Your friend, Fred, has a drug test tomorrow at his job - part of his employer's routine drug testing program. He heard that taking a large dose of niacin can "mask" any trace of illicit drugs in his system. Since you are in a nutrition class, he asks you if this is true. - It's true. You've tried it. - This is ineffective. In fact, it can lead to serious health problems. - It depends on the type of illicit drugs you are using. It works for some but not all of them. - This can work but it also leads to niacin flush - where the blood vessels dialate and cause itching and rash. Be careful.

answer

This is ineffective. In fact, it can lead to serious health problems.

question

All of the following populations may benefit from a vitamin/mineral dietary supplement. Which one is least likely to gain any benefit? - an elderly man living alone - pregnant woman - a young adult who doesn't eat like they should - someone with a diagnosed vitamin or mineral deficiency

answer

a young adult who doesn't eat like they should

question

Your friend, Fred, is taking a B vitamin supplement to give him more energy. This works. - True - False

answer

False

question

Obesity increases the risk for: - osteoporosis - type 1 diabetes - infertility - type 2 diabetes

answer

type 2 diabetes

question

Basal metabolism is decreased by: - pregnancy - dieting - exercising - fever

answer

dieting

question

All of the following are used to assess body fat content or distribution EXCEPT: - waist measurement - hydrodensitometry - body mass index - skin-fold test

answer

hydrodensitometry

question

A hormone that is produced by adipocytes and functions to maintain the amount of fat in the body at a constant or stable level is: - leptin - lipase - glucagon - serotonin

answer

leptin

question

The set point theory suggests that: - some people possess a gene that allows them to expend less energy than other people. - our adult weight is determined by our weight at birth. - our bodies are designed to maintain its weight within a narrow range. - adult body weight is determined by the weight of our parents.

answer

our bodies are designed to maintain its weight within a narrow range.

question

According to research done by Dr. Brian Wansink at Cornell University, people will purchase up to 30% less food if they are exposed to multiple-unit pricing (e.g. 3 for $3 versus 1 for $1). - True - False

answer

False

question

Any low-calorie diet is accompanied by: - lean tissue loss. - ketosis. - loss of appetite. - fast weight loss.

answer

ketosis.

question

Quick, large changes in weight are most likely the result of all of the following except: - changes in fat. - changes in body fluid content. - changes in bone minerals. - changes in lean tissues such as muscles.

answer

changes in body fluid content.

question

The Committee on DRI links high-protein diets with increased risk of: a. cancer. b. osteoporosis. c. malnutrition. d. a and b e. b and c

answer

d. a and b

question

Mary has a waist circumference of 38 inches. Based on this information you conclude that: a. she develops fat centrally. b. she has a large amount of subcutaneous fat. c. she is at an increased risk for disease. d. a and b e. a and c

answer

e. a and c

question

Paul is a 19-year-old athlete who is 6' tall and weighs 178 pounds; Rick is a 40-year-old salesman who weighs 165 pounds and is 5' 7" tall. Who would have the higher basal metabolic rate? - Rick - Paul

answer

Paul

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