Nutrition Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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Approximately how much water is found in a 134b person?
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80
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Whats the body's most indispensable nutrient?
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Water
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What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?
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3/4
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What is not a function of water in the body?
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Source of energy
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What contributes most to the weight of the human body?
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Water
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who has the highest percentage of body water?
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Children
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In the body, water that resides between cells is known as..
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interstitial
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All are mild symptoms of dehydration except
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spastic muscles
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Which body structure helps regulate thirst?
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Hypothalamus
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Where is interstitial fluid found?
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Between cells
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What is a feature of water and nutrition?
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water intoxication
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What min level of body weight loss as water impairs a persons physical performance?
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3-4%
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What min % of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?
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1-2%
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Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known as
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hyponatremia
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Which is a feature of water?
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Generalized from oxidation
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The avg daily loss of water via kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is about
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1.5-2.5 liters
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What is the min amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away body waste products?
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500mL
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What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcal?
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2,500mL
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About how much water is in a loaf of bread?
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35%
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The min amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed
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obligatory
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The approximate % of water in pizza
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45%
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Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?
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250mL
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What is present in the highest concentration in soft water?
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Sodium
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Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate
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hypertension
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Which is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance?
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Habitual consumers
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Which type of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
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distilled
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What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?
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Kidneys
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How does antidiuretic hormone function?
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stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys
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What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?
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Antidiuretic
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Factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance include all of the following except
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adrenaline
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Aldosterone and renin each function to promote
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retention of sodium
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What promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevated blood pressure?
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Angiotensin
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What is the function of renin?
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Activates angiotensin
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Ions that carry a positive charge are called
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cations
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What describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?
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Dissolve a teaspoon of salt
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What is the major extracellular anion?
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Chloride
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What is the major extracellular cation?
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Sodium
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What is the major intracellular anion?
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Phosphate
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What is the major intracellular cation?
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Potassium
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All of the following are properties of electrolytes except
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include fat-soluble and water-soluble
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What is the term for pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentration are separated by a membrane?
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Osmotic pressure
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What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?
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Osmotic pressure
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What is the sodium-potassium pump?
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out of cell
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When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?
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sodium and chloride
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All are typical ingredients in an oral rehydration therapy formula except
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protein
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The normal blood pH range is about
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7.35-7.45
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All are common participants in the regulation of body fluid pH except
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oxalic acid
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All play important roles in acid base balance except
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liver
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What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid base balance?
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Kidneys
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What is the chief function of carbonic acid in the body?
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maintain acid-base balance
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What is a general property of the minerals?
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when food is burned
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What does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?
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Calcium
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What event is specific to a salt-sensitive individual?
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Blood pressure inc
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In a normal person with a daily requirement of 500mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10g of common salt?
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Equilibrium
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Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?
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Intake and excretion are equal
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What is another term for hypertension?
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High blood pressure
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Salt-sensitive pop groups include all of the following except
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Caucasians
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The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent
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hypertension
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How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5g?
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1,000mg
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Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?
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25
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Question about Sam
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5
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What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
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Processed foods
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What percent of a persons total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?
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10
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Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health?
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promotes calcium excretion
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What is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods?
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Salted peanuts
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Why are salt tablets not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?
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dehydration
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What is tolerable intake level for salt?
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1 teaspoon
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Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of
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sodium
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What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?
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Hyponatremia
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What is a feature of sodium nutrition?
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AI for young adults
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Which of the following minerals would bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount?
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Chloride
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Which is a major function of chloride?
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Helps
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All are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except
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recommended
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What is the primary function of potassium?
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intracellular electrolyte
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What is not a feature of potassium deficiency
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It is common
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Barbara
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High blood pressure
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What is a feature of potassium
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Liberal
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What is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
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Muscle weakness
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Who is at risk for potassium depletion?
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don't get a lot of fruits and veggies
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All are features of potassium except
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processed foods
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Which is not among the common food sources of potassium?
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Cheese
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Which is a feature of potassium supplements
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Can cause toxicity
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About what % of the body's calcium is found in the blood?
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1%
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Almost all calcium in the body is used to
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provide rigidity
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What is hydrodoxyapatite?
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calcium-rich
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What is not a process that directly involves calcium?
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pH regulation
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What is calmodulin?
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calcium binding protein
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Which is a feature of calcium in the body?
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Higer calcium intakes
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Which regulates the level of calcium in the blood?
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Parathyroid
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Tiffany
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Para
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Which represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level?
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Insufficient
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Muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed
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Calcium rigor
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Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
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lactose
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All are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract except
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oxalates
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Which foods are sig. sources of oxalates?
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Spinach and sweet potatoes
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How much calcium would typically be absorbed by a normal adult w/ a calcium intake of 1,000mg?
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300mg
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All dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except
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lactose
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Calcium binding protein acts w/in the
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intestines
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What is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL?
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Kidney stone
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What is a good source of dietary calcium
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green vegetables
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What green veg. shows the lowest bioavailability of calcium?
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Spinach
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On a per calorie basis, what shows the best sources of calcium?
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Vegetables
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What shows the highest bioavailability for calcium
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Broccoli
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All are good plant sources of calcium for the body except
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spinach
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Which age is typically associated with people having the dense bone?
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28
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What age to adults normally begin to lose bone mass?
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30-40 yrs
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About how many people in the US a afflicted with osteoporosis?
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50 mil
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Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of
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naturally
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What is a feature of osteoporosis?
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virtually no effect
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What is the calcium AI for young adults?
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1000 mg
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All are characteristics of phosphorous in nutrition except
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the ratio
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What is a feature of phosphorous?
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Involved
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Which is a feature of phosphorous in nutrition?
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Dietary deficiencies
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Which mineral is involved in the transportation of lipids through the body's lymph and blood systems?
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Phosphorus
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Which mineral is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?
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Calcium
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All are shared by calcium and magnesium except
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both are found
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Where is the majority of the body magnesium found?
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Bones
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Which is a major function of magnesium?
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Catalyst
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"Magnesiums Role in ATP synthesis"
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magnesium serves
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Which mineral is required in the enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP
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Magnesium
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Which is a feature of magnesium in nutrition?
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Deficiency is associated with hypertension/average intakes from food are below recommendations
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Magnesium present in mineral water has bioavailability of
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50%
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Magnesium is known to be involved in all except
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production of red
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Sulfur is present in almost all
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proteins
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Some amino acids can link to each other by bridges made of
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sulfur
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What is the major source of dietary sulfur?
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Protein
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All are known to have high sulfur content except
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teeth
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The outer, hard shell of bone is called
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cortical bone
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All are characteristics of dolomite supplements except
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usually sold
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Which is a function of trabecular bone?
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Storage for calcium
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The incidence of death within a year of sustaining a hip fracture is about (%)
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25%
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In what decade of life does osteoporosis first begin in men and women?
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fourth
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For every man with type 1 osteoporosis, about how many women have it?
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6
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Most common fracture sites of osteoporosis type 1 are
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spine and wrist
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What does DEXA scan measure?
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Bone density
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What is a feature of osteoporosis type 1?
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estrogen
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What % of hip fractures in men and women are due to osteoporosis?
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80-90%
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All are known to have high correlation with risk for osteoporosis except
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high protein diet
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Protective factors for osteoporosis include all of the following except
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female gender
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The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a persons
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age
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development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women?
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10 yrs later
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A persons highest bone density is achieved by around age
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30
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What % of people with osteoporosis are female?
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80
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After age, whats the nest strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?
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Sex
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Antiresorptive drug treatment for osteoporosis work primarily by
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bone degrading cells
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Anabolic drug treatments for osteoporosis work chiefly by
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osteoblast activity
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Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis is often rejected because it may increase risk for
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cancer
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Which is not known to be a risk factor for osteoporosis in men?
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High BMI
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Primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to
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estrogen like activity
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What component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health?
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Phyto
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Among the following ethnic groups, which has the highest bone density?
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African-Americans
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What is the incidence of bone fractures in African American women in comparison w/ white women?
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1/2
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Which is a feature of physical activity and bone health?
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Working the muscles
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Which best explains why Asians show fewer bone fractures that whites and hispanics?
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small, compact hips
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Which is not a feature of body weight and bone health?
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low calcium diet
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All are features of bone health and smoking except
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smokers adapt
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Which is a characteristic of calcium nutrition in teens?
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calcium intake is higher in boys than in girls
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Which is a feature of calcium supplements?
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Common antacids
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Among the following calcium supplements, which is most likely to be contaminated with toxic minerals?
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Oyster
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Which is not a characteristic of alcohol and bone health?
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moderate alcohol intake
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Which is a characteristic of calcium supplement use?
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take them with a meal
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For optimal utilization of calcium supplements, it is best to take them several times a day in doses up to
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500mg
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Among the following calcium supplements, which is most calcium dense?
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Calcium carbonate
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Common side effects of taking a high dose calcium supplement include all except
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increased iron absorption
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Among the following calcium supplements, which contains the lowest % of calcium?
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Calcium gluconate
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How many mg of calcium are present in a 500 mg tablet of calcium carbonate?
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200
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To minimize the risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be held to a max of
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2,500
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What is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and iron supplement are taken at the same time?
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iron absorption is reduced
