Nutrition 4 – Flashcards

Answer is d

-The beauty vitamin- hair nails and skin -Develop deficiency by eating raw egg whites -Involved in energy production and DNA replication and transcription of genes -peanuts, egg yolks, yeast, liver, fish toxicity is rare

False

oxalates

Minerals

cofactors

hydroxyapatite

mineralization

fluid balance

electrolytes.

thirst mechanism.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hyponatremia

interstitial fluid.

diuretics

dehydration

osmosis, water moves to a high concentration of electrolytes

C. 3 oz steak

copper and iron

D. growth retardation

anemia

reduction of cancer the small intestine, regulated in the kidney

C. an antioxidant

-growth and development -goiter -the hormone hyroxine

B. seafood

heme iron, nonheme iron

copper

selenomethionine.

zinc

chromium

fluoride

goiter

trivalent chromium

potassium

Zinc

iron

manganese

phosphorous

sodium

selenium

iron

iodine

phosphorus

tomato juice

dark-green, leafy vegetables

calcium and potassium

roast beef

whole and enriched bread

oxygen transport and energy production meat, fish, poultry heme-more absorbable than non heme deficiency causes anemia transported in body with protein called transferrin and is stored with protein called feratin if you have too much iron its stored

60% in bones, 25% in muscles bioavailability it about 50% metabolism, synthesis of DNA and RNA and proteins

-bone tissue -reorption from bone, kidney excretion -forms hydroxiapatite in bones and teeth, part of DNA and RNA -animal sources, soft drinks

vitamin c

the liver but the hormone in the intestine pepsin absorbs iron

-maintains fluid balance, participates in digestion as part of fluid balance -seaweed, celery, processed foods -deficiency: rarely appears in healthy individuals, prolonged diarrhea,vomiting

- major cation in intracellular fluid, -helps maintain fluid and PH balance, helps lower high blood pressure -hyperkalemia- irregular heart beat, heart damage -hypokalemia- kidney stones, loss of blood mass

involved in energy production and synthesis of melatin and is a component of antioxidant rich soure- legumes, whole grain, oyster deficiency-wilson and menkes disease

energy metabolism but also involved in growth and skin and improving taste rich source is protein foods deficiency- skin rashes has to have protein to transport it - metallichymin

is an antioxidant deficiency - kesshun disease, enlargement of the heart

toxicity makes bones and teeth strong source- fluoridated water and tooth paste and sea food

-produced in the thyroid gland, inhibits vitamin D and osteoclasts -from the parathyroid gland, it stimulates vitamin D and osteoclasts

blast- bone forming cells clast- bone breaking cells

inside of bone surface of bone

calcium, its a divalent cation

-lower blood pressure, reduce risk of colon cancer, reduce risk of obesity -hormones and vitamin D -hypercalcemia- constipation, bone pain, muscle weakness -deficiency hypocalcemia- less dense, weakened and brittle bones

hypertension and hypernatremia

consuming excess water in a short amount of time

DASH, meditteranean

-major electrolyte and cation -plays key role in regulating blood volume -small intestine, is distributed through circulatory system -kidneys maintain balance -transmits nerve impulses and muscle contraction

imprtant in carb and lipid metabolism maintains blood glucose sold as supplement toxicity

helps in synthesis of thyroxin thyroxin regulates temperature and growht deficiency is the goiter, enlargement of the thyroid gland children can have krevin, from mom with not enough iodine salt and sea food too much broccoli can inhibit absorption of iodine

type 1, results from lower estrogen levels

genetics, the maximum amount of bone a person can have -mid 30s

-other compounds; biotin, thiamin and proteins -It's absorbed throughout the GI tract -part of amino acids -meat, poultry, fish, legumes, dairy, beer, wine -no toxicity or deficiency

iron pepsidin

you're taking enough energy to be even with expenditure

+E balance, gain weight

-E balance lose weight

the equipment that measures calories

-basal metabolism- biggest component. its energy to keep your body working. the more muscle you have the higher your bmr -physical activity -thermic effect of food -adaptive thermogenusis, extreme stress

generation of heat by the body

basal metabolism

measure amount of heat expended in insulated room

measures amount of oxygen consumed, (o2 consumed, co2 expended)

- red blood cells are smaller than normal -treatment often involves supplementation with iron and vitamin C -a deficiency of vitamin B6 or iron may cause this type of anemia

-treatment may involve injections of vitamin B12 -This may be caused by a deficiency of folate -a form of this anemia, called pernicious anemia, occurs when inadequate intrinsic factor is secreted into the stomach

-red blood cells may abnormally formed into half moon shapes -this type of anemia is caused by a recessive mutation that causes hemoglobin molecules to fold incorrectly

the amount of energy expended by the body to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store energy yielding nutrients from foods

A. basal metabolism

to maintain your body temperature

determines body composition

The measure of the amount of energy expended by the body at rest and after approximately a 3 to 4 hour fasting period, 6% higher than BMR

this refers to the increase in muscle contraction that occurs during physical activity, which produces heat and contributes to the total energy expenditure

the energy expended for all activities not related to sleeping, eating or exercise, including fidgeting, performing work related activities and playing

B. 23-35%

Age- lean body mass diminishes w age, slowing BMR Height-In tall, thin people, BMR is higher Growth-In children and pregnant women, BMR is higher Body composition (Gender)-The more lean tissue, the higher the BMR (why males have a higher BMR than females) the more fat tissue, the lower BMR

Fever- raises BMR stresses-like diseases and certain drugs raise BMR Environmental temperature-Both heat and cold raise BMR Fasting/Starvation- fasting, starvation lowers BMR

Malnutrition- lowers BMR Horomones (gender)- thyroid horomone thyroxin (EX.) can speed up or slow down BMR, premenstrual raise BMR Smoking-Nicotine increases energy expenditure Caffeine-caffeine increases energy expenditure Sleep-BMR is lowest when sleeping

Sodium

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

not as stable, destroyed by heat, light and oxidation

yes generally

-small intestine (duodenum, jejunum) portal vein then transported to the liver, where they are either stored or sent -hydrophilic -blood

Not generally, when not stored can't build up

water soluble- yes fat soluble- no

Water soluble vitamins

-hematopoitic (blood formation), nerve function, heart health, activates folate, maintains mylin sheet of nerve tissue -absorbed in the ileum, liver -deficiency persiscious anemia -absorption decreases with age -animal sources only, meat fish cheese milk eggs -pernicious anemia,

-hematopoitic (blood formation), heart health -B12 activates it within the cell -assists in preventing spina bifida involved in neural tube development, might prevent cancer and heart disease -dark leafy green vegetables, legumes, enriched pasta, liver -no risk for toxicity -spina bifida, neural tube defects, many of these are during pregnancy, macrocytic anemia

-nerve function -heart health -coenzyme/active form is thyamin pyrophosphate (TPP) -the jejunum, passive diffusion -it produces ATP from carb metabolism, nerve impulses used to synthesize DNA and RNA -enriched and fortified foods, whole grain, lean pork -Beriberi-muscle paralysis

-wet- edema and congestive heart failure -dry-muscle wastin without edema or nerve degeneration -thiamin

-protein synethsis, heart health, maintaining skin -nicotinic acid and nicotinomide- the active form is nicotinomide -Can be synthesized from trypophan -Pellegra is deficiency- 4 D's- dermetiatis, dementia, diarrhea, death - meat

-antioxidant -collagen synthesis, enhances iron absorption, boosts immune system -fruits, vegetables, broccoli citrus strawberries -toxicity- nausea,cramps leads to kidney stones -deficiency- scurvy, bleeding gums, wounds wont heal advanced- deterioration of muscles including heart -

-participates in energy metabolism through oxidation -the small intestine, active transport -milk is a rich source, yogurt, enriched and fortified cereals and grains -Ariboflavinosis is the deficiency tongue and mouth grossness -Riboflavin is destroyed by UV light

carbon so it doesnt provide energy

-Major minerals are present in the body, greater than 5 grams -Trace minerals are present in the body in less than 5 grams

-Vitamins are not stable -minerals are

Nutritonal status

sodium, calcium

• Too much sodium can lead to hypertension or osteoporosis (bc of interaction between calcium and sodium)

chloride

-fat protein and carb metabolism -Small intestine, if high intake- passive diffusion if low, active transport -nuts, legumes, meat, milk and eggs -destroyed by heat/ food processing -deficiency is rare, but nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps

- B6 (plants), B6 aldehyde (animal), B6 amine (animal) -in the liver -stored mostly in muscle -coenzyme for more than 10 enzymes, amino acid metabolism, hemoglobin, carb metabolism -Toxicity- nerve damage, difficulty walking -deficiency- sore tongue, skin inflammation

-Energy release: Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid -Metabolism of AA: Vitamin B6 -Cell replication and DNA RNA synthesis: Folate and B12

-Intracellular: within the cells,contains about 2/3 of total body water, contains potassium, proteins, various acids -Interstitial: surrounding cells -Intravascular: vascular system and lymph -extracellular: outside the cells, contains sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride

easily

charged particles into a solution that dissolves proteins, glucose, salts, and some minerals

H20, so they don't dissolve

-helps transport oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells -maintains body temperature: absorbs and released heat generated by the body -lubricates: joints, eye tissue, mouth intestinal tract -cushions brain and fetus -structural: cells and glycogen -balances acidic or PH levels

acidic basic

water maintaining proper fluid balance, he body adapting to changes in intake and losses

the kidneys through urine

intestinal fluids in stool, diarrhea and vomiting increases excretion, sweat

kidneys, lungs, skin, large intestine

minerals with charged ions that conduct electrical current -potassium, mangesium, sodium, phosphate, calcium, chloride, -sodium has the greatest effect

cations- positive anions- negative charge

-maintains normal electrolyte concentrations, keeps the cell from swelling and bursting -aids in electrical conduction of nerve and muscle cells and nutrient absorption

Albumin in the vascular space attracts fluid from the interstitial space

blood albumin drops, causes swelling in body tissues (edema)

sodium: vomiting or diarrhea potassium: tumor development sodium and chloride: sweating

-excrete waste -regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, as well as electrolyte imbalance -reabsorb nutrients and water

rise, rise

hormones: antideuretic hormone (ADH), angiotension, aldosterone enzyme: Renin

-when blood volume or blood pressure decrease -hypothalamus detects drop of blood pressure and a rise in salt, stimulates pituitary glands to release ADH

helps the body reabsorb water and salts the kidneys

In the lungs, it is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates kidneys to reabsorb salts as well as adrenal glands to release aldersterone

-aldersterone stimulates sodium absorption. -with too little sodium, angiotensin 2 triggers adrenal glands to release aldersterone -inderectly leads to water absorption

no, it doesnt negatively affect hydration status

-inhibits ADH, causing dehydration -effects electrolyte concentration, especially potassium -

diuretic medications

hyponatremia swelling in the brain

- short and long term memory loss -lower attention span

calcium sodium potassium chloride phosphorous magnesium sulfur atleast 5 grams

iron zinc copper selenium chromium iodide manganese molybdenum fluoride less than 5 grams

inorganic, single molecule, stable

-binders such as phytates, oxalates, and polyphenols -nutrients like vitamin D and C

maintaining fluid balance

cofactors that binds an enzyme to help catalyze it's reaction cofactors in: antioxidant systems energy production muscle contraction nerve transmision

yes, mostly from supplements

excreted in the urine.

intramuscular shots of vitamin B12 once a month

False

False

False

True

intense fear of becoming overweight

True

chloride

True

Minerals act as enzymes.

The most abundant major mineral in the body is magnesium.

False

45 to 75

fluoride

False

vitamin C

False

it reduces the number of adipocytes

fluoride

5 20