Nursing Patho chapter 20 – Flashcards
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what is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called
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lipoma
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what are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called
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sarcomas
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which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor
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cells appear relatively normal
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which factor provides the basis for the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors
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degree of differentiation of the cells
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a warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following EXCEPT
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sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea
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the common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include: 1) obstruction of a tube or duct 2) anemia and weight loss 3) cell necrosis and ulceration 4) tumor markers in the circulation
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1 and 3 obstruction of a tube or duct cell necrosis and ulceration
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which of the following does paraneoplastic syndrome refer to
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the effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells
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which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites
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metastasis
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one reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to
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determine the best treatment and prognosis
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the process of carcinogenesis usually begins with?
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an irreversible change in the cells DNA
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What would be an external source of ionizing radiation ?
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gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine
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radiation therapy destroys:
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primarily rapidly dividing cells
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the most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are
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thrombocytopenia and leucopenia
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chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to: 1) reproduce the adverse effects 2) guarantee that all cancer cells are destroyed 3) be effective in more phrases of the cell cycle 4) totally block the mitotic stage
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1 and 3 reproduce the adverse effects be effective in more phrases of the cell cycle
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why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis?
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specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed
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select the correct pair representing a malignant tumor and its marker:
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colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by:
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reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells
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The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means:
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the patient is at high risk for infection
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malignant brain tumors:
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spread to other parts of CNS
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Identify the common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy:
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bone marrow depression
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Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because:
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inflammation around the tumor may be reduced
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Vomiting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because:
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A and B the gastrointestinal tract is irritated The chemicals stimulate the emetic center
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what type of normal cells are often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatments?
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epithelial cells
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Remission for cancer is generally defined as a period in which:
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signs and symptoms are absent
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All of the following are correct statements about skin cancer EXCEPT:
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they are difficult to diagnose and treat
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High risk factors for cancer include: 1) human papilloma virus 2) chronic irritation and inflammation 3) repeated sun exposure 4) high family incidence
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1, 2, 3 ,4 human papilloma virus chronic irritation and inflammation repeated sun exposure high family incidence
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the term apoptosis refers to
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programmed cell death
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the warning signs for cancer include:
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All of the above unusual bleeding change in a ward or more a new solid lump often painless
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a classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describe the extent of the disease at a given time is called:
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staging
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benign tumors can often be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors:
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are encapsulated and slow-growing
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Benign tumors in the brain are often life treating because they:
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create excessive pressure within the skull
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Drugs or agents that augment the natural immune response in the body to improve identification and removal of abnormal cells are called:
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biological response modifiers
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the method that can be used as an alternative to surgical removal of a tumor by using heat generated by a needle inserted into the tumor is referred to as
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radio frequency ablation
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Staging systems used to classify a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis are based on which of the following facts?
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size of the tumor, involvement of lymph nodes, metastases
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One of the general effects of a malignant cancer is cachexia which is:
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severe tissue wasting
