question

an integration of the theoretical and empirical literature that was presented in the review of the literature section of the study

answer

An appropriate research design will reflect

question

experimental or nonexperimental

answer

Quantitative designs used to examine relationship among variables are categorized as:

question

the purpose of examining causality

answer

Experimental designs are used for

question

the purposes of describing a phenomenon in detail, explaining relationships and differences among variables, and predicting relationships and differences among variables

answer

Nonexperimental designs can be used for

question

the role of the researcher

answer

The major difference between nonexperimental and experimental designs is

question

actively manipulate the independent variable (causal variable) to determine its effect on the dependent variable

answer

In experimental designs, researchers

question

are observers noting the occurrence of the variables of interest and trying to determine relationships and differences.

answer

In nonexperimental designs, researchers

question

the relationship between a cause and its effect

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Causality

question

multicausality

answer

When outcomes have many causes, its called

question

What type of quantitative design is being used? Can causality be inferred? Did researchers use the highest level of design possible to answer the research questions? What strategies did the researcher use to control for the effects of extraneous variables? What threats to internal and external validity might be present, and were any strategies used to reduce them? Were there any ethical concerns about the design?

answer

Elements to consider when appraising quantitative designs

question

Likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation

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Probability

question

ability to manipulate, regulate, or statistically adjust for factors that can affect the dependent variable

answer

Control

question

the ability of researchers to control the independent variable

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Manipulation

question

factors that interfere with the relationship between the IV and DV

answer

Extraneous variable

question

the standard of care, but does not get the intervention

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In health-related experimental designs, the control group of subject usually receives:

question

when extraneous variables influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

answer

Bias

question

the selection, assignment, or arrangement of elements by chance

answer

Randomization

question

technique for selecting elements whereby each has the same chance of being selected

answer

Random sampling

question

subjects have an equal chance of being in either the treatment or the control group

answer

Ransom assignment

question

study design where two groups of subjects can be compared

answer

Between-group design

question

comparisons are made about the same subjects at two or more points in time or on two or more measures

answer

Within-groups design

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ability to accept results as logical, reasonable, and justifiable based on the evidence presented.

answer

Study validity

question

identify potential threats to validity, evaluate the seriousness of those threats, and determine if results are valid for application to patient care

answer

Evaluating the quality of quantitative evidence requires the nurse to

question

are forces that can change the results of the study

answer

Threats

question

a. research question b. review of the literature c. theoretical framework d. study purpose

answer

When designing a study, which of the following should the researcher consider: (select all that appyl) a. research question b. review of the literature c. theoretical framework d. study purpose

question

d. examine causality

answer

Which of the following is not a purpose of nonexperimental designs: a. describe phenomenon b. explain relationships c. predict relationships d. examine causality

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a. control

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The researcher's ability to manipulate or regulate extraneous variables is known as: a. control b. manipulation c. bias d. probability

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b. random assignment

answer

When a researcher assign subjects to groups by tossing a coin, the researcher is using: a. random selection b. random assignment c. bias d. within-groups design

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the degree to which one can conclude that the IV produced changes in the DV

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Internal validity

question

selection bias history maturation testing instrumentation mortality statistical conclusion validity

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Common threats to internal validity include:

question

a threat to internal validity when the change in the DV is a result of to characteristics of the subjects before they entered the study

answer

Selection bias

question

the use of random assignment to groups

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Selection bias con be minimized somewhat by

question

a threat to internal validity when the dependent variable is influenced by an event that occurred during the study

answer

History

question

having a control group that is exposed to the "event" but does not receive the intervention

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The threat of history can be decreased by

question

a threat to internal validity when subjects change by growing or maturing

answer

Maturation

question

control group

answer

What can help limit maturation threat to internal validity?

question

a threat to internal validity when a pretest influences the way subjects respond on a posttest

answer

Testing

question

familiarity answers answered current knowledge beliefs

answer

Repeated testing can cause _________ with the test itself and ______ may reflect subjects' abilities to remember how the questions were ________ previously rather than reflecting __________ and _________.

question

threat to internal validity when there are inconsistencies in data collection

answer

Instrumentation

question

comprehensive training of all data collectors

answer

To control for the threat of instrumentation, researchers need to ensure

question

a threat to internal validity when there is a loss of subjects before the study is completed

answer

Mortality

question

dropout rate

answer

Attrition rate

question

provide an analysis and explanation for the dropout rate

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If the attrition rate is high the author of the article should

question

the degree that the results of the statistical analysis reflect the true relationship between the IV and DV

answer

Statistical conclusion validity

question

when researchers inaccurately conclude that there is no relationship between the IV and DV

answer

Type II error

question

using well-established and well-designed instruments

answer

Researches can control for low reliability of the measure by

question

the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized

answer

External validity

question

a threat to external validity when the instrument does not accurately measure the theoretical concepts

answer

Construct validity

question

the influence of participating in a study on the responses of subjects

answer

Reactivity

question

subjects' behaviors affected by personal values or desires to please the experimenter

answer

Hawthorne effect

question

studies where subjects and researchers are unaware if they're experimental interventions or standard of care

answer

Double-bind experimental designs

question

threat to external validity when the samples does not represent the population

answer

Effects of selection

question

a threat to external validity where the IV might not affect individuals the same way

answer

Interaction of treatment with selection of subjects

question

a threat to external validity when an intervention conducted in one setting cannot be generalized using the same intervention

answer

Interaction of treatment and setting

question

a. external validity

answer

The degree to which the results of studies can be generalized to other individuals, settings, or time is: a. external validity b. construct validity c. internal validity d. statistical conclusion validity

question

c. history

answer

During a study examining nurses' job satisfaction, the union decides to hold a strike. This is what type of threat to internal validity: a. selection bias b. mortality c. history d. testing

question

b. Hawthorne effect

answer

A researcher plans to observe children in a kindergarten class. Students have always been told to be on their best behavior when guests are present in the classroom. What is the greatest threat to external validity: a. construct validity b. Hawthorne effect c. selection d. interaction of treatment setting

question

a threat to external validity when historical events affect the intervention

answer

Interaction of treatment and history

question

research design when researchers look back in time to determine possible causative factors

answer

Retrospective design

question

retrospective research design

answer

ex post factor

question

retrospective study where research begins with people who already had the disease

answer

Case control

question

in epidemiological studies

answer

Retrospective designs are often used

question

that researchers cannot say definitively that to IV caused the DV; instead they can conclude that there is an increased likelihood or probability that the IV caused the DV

answer

Because retrospective designs are not experimental, a disadvantage is

question

nonexperimental designs used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time

answer

Cross-sectional

question

more than one group is studied at the same time so that conclusion about a variable over time can be drawn without spending as much time

answer

Cohort comparison

question

easier to manage and are more economical; data is collected only one time so the threats of mortality, maturation, and testing are minimized

answer

Advantages of cross-sectional designs

question

difficult for researchers to make claims about cause and effect

answer

Limitation of cross-sectional design

question

designs used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time

answer

Longitudinal designs

question

studies over time with presumed causes that follow subjects to determine if the hypothesized effects actually occur

answer

Prospective designs

question

longitudinal design where the same subjects provide data from different samples across time

answer

Panel design

question

a type of longitudinal design to gather data different samples across time

answer

Trend

question

a longitudinal design used to follow subjects into the future

answer

Follow-up

question

the samples are not drawn from the general population, but instead samples are selected because they have a specific characteristic or condition that researchers are interested in studying

answer

Nonexperimental studies differ from panel studies in that

question

experimental design using two or more treatments; subjects receive treatments in random order

answer

Crossover

question

carryover effect, where even though the subjects are asked to stop performing the 1st intervention, the may continue to use it during the 2nd intervention

answer

One problem with crossover studies

question

studies in which data are gathered over extended period of time rather than in just a few hours or days

answer

The term longitudinal is reserved for

question

can be used to test cause and effect

answer

Advantage of longitudinal studies

question

costs in following subjects over an extended period of time

answer

Disadvantage of longitudinal studies

question

False

answer

In retrospective designs, also known as ex post facto designs, the researchers manipulates the IV. True or false

question

True

answer

Cohort comparison studies can save time because more than one group of subjects is studied. True or False

question

False

answer

The threat of mortality is greater in cross-sectional designs than in longitudinal designs. True of False

question

False

answer

Any study that involves collecting data at multiple points in time is a longitudinal study. True or False

question

randomization, control, and manipulation

answer

To be considered a true experimental design, 3 features must be included:

question

design involving random assignment to group and manipulation of the IV

answer

experimental design

question

randomly select subject from the target population randomly assign subjects to groups

answer

Randomization happens in 2 ways

question

control for extraneous variables

answer

Control group is one strategy to

question

manipulate

answer

Researchers must be able to ________ the IV for a design to be considered experimental

question

the study is clinical in nature rather than a specific type of design

answer

RCT (randomized controlled trial)

question

1. they involve a large # of subjects, often from diverse geographical areas 2. there are strict guidelines for including subject in a study 3. subjects are randomly assigned to interventions and control groups 4. groups must be comparable on key characteristics at baseline 5. the intervention is consistently implemented to all subjects in the experimental group following a very rigidly defined protocol for implementation 6. all subjects in both groups are measured on the DV using the same method of measurement at the same points in time

answer

RCTs are characterized by the following

question

1. two-group pretest-posttest 2. two group, posttest only 3. Solomon four group 4. multiple experimental groups 5. factorial 6. crossover designs

answer

6 types of true experimental designs

question

subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group, and measured before and after the intervention

answer

Two-group pretest-posttest designs

question

Two group pretest-posttest

answer

What is considered to be the classic experimental design?

question

an experimental design when subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group and measured after the intervention

answer

Two group posttest only design

question

an experimental design with four groups, some receive the intervention, other serve as control; some are measured before and after, others only measured after the intervention

answer

Solomon four group design

question

repeated testing threats

answer

Potential disadvantage of the two group pretest-posttest design

question

susceptible to the threats of selection bias

answer

Disadvantage of the two group posttest only design

question

experimental design using two or more experimental groups with one control group

answer

Multiple experimental groups design

question

Reduction of testing threat; also superior to two group posttest only because it minimizes selection bias

answer

Why is the Soloman four group a superior design than the two group pretest posttest?

question

experimental design allowing researchers to manipulate more than one intervention

answer

Factorial design

question

allows researchers to compare the effect of different interventions on the DV

answer

Advantages of multiple group design

question

a large # of subjects are needed to detect differences across multiple groups

answer

Disadvantage of multiple group design

question

True

answer

All experiments must include a minimum of two groups of subjects. True or False

question

True

answer

The Solomon Four group design is more effective at controlling for the threat of testing than is the two group pretest posttest design. True or False

question

False

answer

In a factorial design, only one group of subjects is required because they act as their own control. True or false

question

True

answer

Patients who are not in the intervention group must receive the standard of care. True or False

question

experimental design using two or more treatments and subjects receive both treatments in a random order

answer

Crossover design

question

the subjects serve as their own control group

answer

Who is the control group in a crossover design?

question

research designs involving the manipulation of the IV but lacking either two groups or a control group

answer

Quasi-experimental designs

question

1. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest 2. time series designs 3. preexperimental designs

answer

3 quasi-experimental designs

question

a quasi experimental design where two groups are measured before and after an intervention

answer

Nonequivalent control group pretest posttest design

question

a quasi-experimental design where one group is measured prior to administering the intervention and then multiple times after the intervention

answer

Time series design

question

a preexperimental design involving one group and a posttest with little control for extraneous variables

answer

One group posttest only design

question

that quasi, while lacking some elements of an experiment, use other strategies to control for extraneous variable

answer

The difference between pre and quasi experimental designs is

question

a preexperimental design involving two groups measured after an intervention with little control for extraneous variables

answer

Nonequivalent groups posttest only design

question

a posttest only design that involves manipulation of the IV but lacks control for extraneous variables

answer

Preexperiemental

question

3. comparison group and manipulation of IV 4. randomization and manipulation of IV

answer

Quasi experimental designs include which on the following essential components: (select all that apply) 1. randomization, control group, and manipulation of IV 2. randomization, and control group 3. comparison group and manipulation of IV 4. randomization and manipulation of IV

question

b. comparison groups

answer

Experimental designs have control groups. Quasi experimental designs have which of the following: a. control groups b. comparison groups c. extraneous groups d. peer groups

question

c, d, b, a

answer

Rank the evidence generated from the following designs from lowest to highest: a. experimental designs b. nonequivalent control group pretest posttest c. one group posttest only d. nonequivalent groups posttest only

question

a research design that lacks manipulation of the IV and random assignment

answer

nonexperimental design

question

there is little information known about a particular phenomenon, when it would be unethical to manipulate the IV, or when it is not practical to conduct an experiment.

answer

Nonexperimental designs are important when

question

1. describing a phenomenon in detail 2. explaining relationships and differences among variables 3. predicting the relationships and differences among variables

answer

Nonexperimental designs are used for the purpose of:

question

descriptive and correlational

answer

Two general ways the nonexperimental designs can be categorized

question

provide a picture of a situation as it is naturally happening without manipulation of any of the variables

answer

Descriptive design

question

nonexperimental design used when little is known about a phenomenon

answer

Exploratory design

question

descriptive design that compares 2 or more groups or variables

answer

Comparative design

question

a descriptive design involving data obtained through subjects' self report

answer

Survey design

question

nonexperimental design used to study relationship between two or more variables

answer

Correlational design

question

No because they do not involve manipulation of IV

answer

Can causal statement be made with correlational designs?

question

when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable

answer

Covary

question

descriptive-correlational predictive correlational model-testing

answer

3 types of correlational designs

question

used to explain the relationship among the variables or groups using a nondirectional hypothesis

answer

Descriptive correlational design

question

when researchers hypothesize which variables are predictors or outcomes

answer

Predictive correlational design

question

1. researchers attempt to determine the amount of variance in an outcome variable that can be explained by multiple predictive variables 2. determining group membership

answer

Two aims of predictive designs

question

correlational design to test a hypothesized theoretical model

answer

Model-testing

question

an experimental design

answer

True causality can only be established with

question

false

answer

In nonexperimental designs, researchers manipulate the IV to determine cause and effect. True or False

question

true

answer

Nonexperimental design can be used to develop and test theories

question

True

answer

The purposes of nonexperimental designs are to describe, explain, and predict relationships.

question

True

answer

Descriptive data are usually cross-sectional and can be controlled through surveys and questionnaires

question

false

answer

Researchers use correlations to determine if there are differences between two groups

question

research for the purpose of linking research findings to the point of care

answer

Translational research

question

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

answer

What agency is committed to the support of translational research?

question

active involvement of community members throughout the research process

answer

Community-based participatory action research (CBPAR)

question

engaging in collaborative, equitable partnerships, building on resources and using dynamic processes where ideas flow between researchers and community members

answer

Critical principles for CBPAR include

question

research involving phenomena related to the delivery of health care

answer

Health services research

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