question

nucleon

answer

protons/neutrons in atomic nuclei/nuclide

question

nuclide

answer

atom identified by what is in the nucleus (protons/neutrons)

question

mass defect

answer

difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its particles.

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nuclear binding energy

answer

energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons-causes mass defect. amount of energy needed to break apart a nucleus

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band of stability

answer

stable nuclei cluster over a range of neutron/proton ratio. most stable ratio nuclei = 1:1

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nuclear reaction

answer

a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom

question

transmutation

answer

a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in its number of protons

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radioactive decay

answer

spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a lighter nucleus accompanied by emission of particles

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nuclear radiation

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particles of electromagnetic radiation emitted from nucleus during radioactive decay

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electron capture

answer

an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom; inner orbital electron combines with a proton forming a neutron

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half-life

answer

time required for half the atoms in a radioactive nuclide to decay. more stable nuclides have longer half-lives

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decay series

answer

series of radioactive nuclides produced by successful radioactive decay until stable nuclide is reached

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artificial transmutation

answer

make artificial radioactive nuclides, bombardment of nuclei with charged and uncharged particles, greater quantities of energy required to penetrate

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transuranium elements

answer

elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei. they are all radioactive

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roentgen

answer

unit used to measure nuclear radiation exposure, equal to gamma and X-ray radiation that produces 2 x 10^9 ion pairs through 1 cm^3 of dry air

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rem

answer

unit of measure of dose of ionizing radiation, measure of radiation damage to human tissue

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measurements of radiation

answer

film badges or Geiger-muller counters

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film badges

answer

the exposure of film needed to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation

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Gieger-muller Counters

answer

instruments that detect radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas and ionized by radiation

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radioactive dating

answer

process where approximate age of an object is determined based on amount of radioactive nuclides present

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nuclear waste

answer

unusable materials with radioactive isotopes. disposed all around the US with no real solution

question

Fission

answer

nucleus of a heavy atom splits and and produces 2 smaller nuclides. releases energy and produces waste

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chain reaction

answer

material that starts reaction is on of the products, triggering more reaction

question

critical mass

answer

minimum amount of nuclides that provide neutrons needed to stop chain reaction

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Marie and Pierre Curie (1896)

answer

Determined why uranium exposed film. Discovered that some nuclei are unstable and spontaniously emit radioation.

question

Mass defect

answer

The amount of mass missing from a Nuclide after the mass of all of the particles is taken into account. (If you add up the mass of each particle in an atom and compare it to the actual mass of the atom, there is a small amount of missing mass-)

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Albert Einstein

answer

Explained the mass defect with his equation E=mc^2

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Nuclear tug of war

answer

Electrostatic force pulls nuclei apart

question

Unstable

answer

Large nuclei tend to be _______

question

Magic number

answer

The number of nucleons in each full level. Nucleons tend to be paired.

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Radiation

answer

Unstable nuclei ejecting particle either naturally or via bombardment in a particle accelerator.

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Nuclear reaction

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Reactions involving the nucleus of an atom, as opposed to the electrons of an atom.

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Transmutation

answer

During radioactive decay, if the atomic number changes the element changes.

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Ionizing radiation

answer

emitted or absorbed by an atom, it can liberate a particle from the atom. Includes: cosmic rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and any charged particle moving at relativistic speed.

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Non-ionizing radiation

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Any type of radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum to ionize atoms or molecules. Instead of producing charged ions while passing through matter.

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Nuclear Fission

answer

When heavy nuclei split into lighter, more stable nuclei. This occurs in nuclear power plants, as well as in medical applications and radioactive dating.

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Nuclear fusion

answer

Light mass nuclei combine to form heavier, more stable nuclei. This occurs in stars like our sun and hydrogen bombs.

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Proton (quarks)

answer

Up up down 2/3+2/3-1/3 = 1

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Neutron

answer

Up down down 2/3-1/3-1/3 =0

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Weak force

answer

Change in flavor --> w+z bosons this is beta decay

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Higgs boson

answer

Electron do interact, photons do not. It is the _____ interacting with electrons that slows them down, giving mass and charge. the photons do not interact with the _______ so no mass and no charge.

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Nuclear force

answer

Holds nucleons together

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Nucleons

answer

Protons plus neutrons (held together by exchanging pions)

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Nuclide

answer

An atom defined by its number of protons and neutrons

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Mass Defect

answer

The amount of mass missing from a nuclide after the mass of each particle is taken into account.

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Nuclear Binding Energy

answer

The energy formed from the conversion of mass to energy when the nucleus is formed.

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Nuclear Reaction

answer

A process in which 2 nuclides collide

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Alpha Radiation

answer

When an atom spits out an alpha particle (mass of 4 charge of 2).

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Beta Emission

answer

When an atom spits out an electron (mass of 0, charge of -1)

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Gamma Radiation

answer

When an atom spits out a photon (mass 0, charge 0)

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Positron emission

answer

When an atom spits out a positron (mass of 0, charge of 1)

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Electron Capture

answer

Neutron to proton ratio is too small and a positron can't be released, so it steals a 1s electron to make a proton a neutron.

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Transmutation

answer

Radioactive decay where the atomic number (and therefore the atom) changes.

question

Ionizing Radiation

answer

Radiation that liberates a particle from the atom. IE: cosmic rays, alpha, beta and gamma rays, X-rays etc.

question

Non-Ionizing Radiation

answer

Any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry energy per quantum to ionize atoms of molecules.

question

Half-life

answer

The amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in an unstable nuclide to decay.

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Nuclear fission

answer

When heavier nuclei split into lighter, more stable nuclei.

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Quarks

answer

Held together by exchanging gluons. One of the two basic constituents of matter. Three of them make up every proton and neutron.

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Leptons

answer

Light particles- truly elementary (ie electron, neutrino, bosons)

question

Hadrons

answer

Heavy particles (protons and neutrons) made up of smaller particles. Broken down into smaller quarks.

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Strong nuclear force

answer

hold nuclei together

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Weak nuclear force

answer

Typical field strength is 10-11 times weaker than electromagnetic force and 10-13 times weaker than strong nuclear force. Responsible for positron emission and beta decay.

question

Higgs field

answer

Responsible for electron mass.

question

Proton quark configuration

answer

U, U, D

question

Neutron quark configuration

answer

U, D, D

question

Gluon

answer

a subatomic particle that bind quarks together. Responsible for color change.

question

Pion

answer

Keep protons and neutrons together,

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Band of stability

answer

The graph of the number of neutron plotted against the number of protons.

question

Decay series

answer

A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioative decay until a stable nuclide is reached

question

Rem

answer

Unit used to measure the dose of ionizing radiation.

question

Roentgen

answer

Unit used to measure radiation exposure.

question

Radioactive dating

answer

The process by which approximate age of an object is determined based on an amount of certain radioactive nuclides present.

question

Lise Meitner

answer

Australian physicist who first described nuclear fission.

question

Nuclide (isotope)

answer

An atom identified by its number of protons and neutrons.

question

Nuclear binding energy

answer

Measure of the stability of a nucleus. Conversion of mass to energy when the nucleus is formed.

question

Most stable

answer

-> 1:1 1:1.5 1:2.

question

Positron

answer

0 β +1

question

Beta

answer

0 β -1

question

Alpha

answer

4 a 2

question

Gamma

answer

0 ɣ 0

question

Radioactive decay

answer

The process of emitting particles and/or energy from nucleus

question

Hahn and Strassman

answer

Who discovered fission? (And Meitner)

question

Enrico Fermi

answer

discovered the possibility of emission of secondary neutrons and of a chain reaction. He was one of the leaders of the team of physicist on the Manhattan project for the development of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.

question

Up

answer

+2/3

question

Down

answer

-1/3

question

Neutron

answer

2/3-1/3-1/3 = 0

question

Proton

answer

2/3-1/3-1/3 =+1

question

Strong force

answer

Changes color --> gluons, secondary result is pion exchange

question

Color change in quarks mediated by____.

answer

Gluons (strong nuclear force)

question

Strong Nuclear force

answer

Holds nucleons together

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