NR222 Exam 3 – Flashcards
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health perceptions/management for infants
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-Instill confidence in parents that they can enhance baby's health -Help parents identify health needs -Encourage health promoting activities (stimulation)
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health perceptions/management for toddlers
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-They may be able to perform preventative measures -Parents should model desired health perception & behaviors
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health perceptions/management for preschoolers
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-They are aware of their physical bodies -They have a basic understanding that they play a role in their own health
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health perceptions/management for school age children
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-parents should monitor and reinforce preventative health practices
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health perceptions/management for adolescence
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-They have negative health choices & outcomes -sense of invincibility -experimentation; risk-taking behaviors
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health perceptions/management for a young adults
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-overall concern for health is low in the 20's and increases in the 30's -preventative care maximizes health and detects problems early -screenings are important
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health perceptions/management for a middle age adult
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-focus on health promotion and screening for disease
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health perceptions/management for an older adult
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-motivation is a primary predictor of success in health promotion interventions
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nutrition/metabolism for infants
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-supports life -provide for growth -maintain health -best for baby=breastfeeding
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nutrition/metabolism for toddler
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-weaning occurs -offer a variety of foods -appetite may decrease, as growth has slowed
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nutrition/metabolism for preschoolers
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-parents need to establish healthy eating habits and an active lifestyle early -food allergies start to develop -offer a variety of food
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nutrition/metabolism for school age children
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-well balanced diet -monitor food intake (obesity) -provide nutrition education
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nutrition/metabolism for adolescence
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-increased appetite due to growth spurt -possible eating disorders -Type 2 diabetes, increasing in prevalence
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nutrition/metabolism for young adults
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-obesity-epidemic -common nutritional deficiencies; iron, folic acid, calcium
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nutrition/metabolism for middle age adults
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-increase healthy food intake-use of supplements not important if diet is complete -oral health-screen for oral cancer -alcohol and caffeine use
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nutrition/metabolism for older adults
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Malnutrition due to: -lack of access to food -decline in GI function -decrease in smell and vision -medication side effects
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Elimination in infants
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-infant can not control bowels till 14-18 months
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Elimination in toddlers
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-start toilet training
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Elimination in preschoolers
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-They are toilet trained -accidents may happen -need help washing hands
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Elimination in school age children
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-most have full bowel/bladder control -nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting)
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activity & exercise for infants
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-first they play with hands & feet -roll to different positions -learn to manipulate objects -stimulations
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activity & exercise for toddlers
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-learn to walk -running, climbing, riding a tricycle, pushing & pulling
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activity & exercise for preschoolers
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-Play is work -imagination, creation -demonstrate fine motor skills
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activity & exercise for school age children
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-learn to play in a group-soccer, baseball -play as an individual-ballet, gymnastics -play unorganized-bike riding -play activities promote social, personal, cognitive development
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activity & exercise for adolescence
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-increased strength & endurance
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activity & exercise for young adults
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-recommendation for regular exercise -avoid UV exposure -recreational sports, use protective gear
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activity & exercise for middle age adults
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-learn exercise benefits-prevent/manage chronic illness -Initiate exercise program
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activity & exercise for older adults
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Promote importance of exercise -increase sleep -decreases constipation -increase digestion -increase socialization
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sleep/rest patterns for infants
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-sleep %80 of the time -grow a lot, so they sleep a lot -risk of SIDS
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sleep/rest patterns for toddlers
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-Need 12 hours at night -1-2 hour naps -night terrors
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sleep/rest patterns for preschoolers
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-sleeps 8-10 hours a night -bed time ritual is important -nightmares/night terrors
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sleep/rest patterns for school age children
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-sleeps 8-10 hours a night -sleep walking & talking
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sleep/rest patterns for adolescence
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-need at least 8 hours of sleep a night
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sleep/rest patterns for young adults
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-subject to fatique
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sleep/rest patterns for middle age adults
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-less sleep overall -napping ok at this age group
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sleep/rest patterns for older adults
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-high prevalence of sleep disorders -require less sleep -naps not recommended -discuss sleep schedule & obstacles to sleep
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cognition & perception for infants
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startled by sounds
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cognition & perception for infants 3-6 months
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turns eyes toward sounds
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cognition & perception for infants 6-9 months
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responds to their own name
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cognition & perception for infants 9-12 months
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imitates familiar sounds
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cognition & perception for infants 12-18 months
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follows simple direction
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language development for infants 0-2 months
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sounds are vowels
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language development for infants 2-3months
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cooing sounds
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language development for infants 6 months
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babbling
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language development for infants 9-10 months
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forming 2 syllable sounds
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language development for infants 12 months
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words like ma-ma, bye-bye
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language development for infants 15-18 months
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expressive jargon
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cognition & perception for toddlers
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-have no cause & effect -learn object permanence -learning egocentricity
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cognition & perception for preschoolers
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-concrete thinking -imaginary friends -vision & hearing screenings -Language-increase in expressive skills -school readiness
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cognition & perception for school age children
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Screening for vision, hearing, cognitive Major operations-organizing, classifying, labeling, retention
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cognition & perception for adolescence
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-increased cognitive skills & understanding of language -ability for future orientation
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cognition & perception for young adults
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-recall performance & memory peaks in the 20's
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cognition & perception for middle age adults
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-continues ot accumulate "learning" intelligence -vision screening for: Farsightedness, glaucoma, cataracts -hearing screening -taste diminishes
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cognition & perception for older adults
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-mild cognitive impairment is normal -cognitive abnormalities are not a normal part of aging -dementia-many types -vision-decreased visual acuity -hearing-inner ear atrophy -taste & smell-decrease -skin changes-thinner more fragile
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sexuality & reproduction for infants
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-oral sensitivity -enjoy skin to skin contact -explore their own bodies for pleasure for their 1st year
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sexuality & reproduction for toddlers
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-due to toilet training they become curious about their genitalia and may explore or masturbate
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sexuality & reproduction for preschoolers
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-more aware or their own sexual identity -gender identification -body identification
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sexuality & reproduction for school age children
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-increase interest in knowledge of sexual function -strong identification w/parent of same gender
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sexuality & reproduction for adolescence
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sexual experimentation -heterosexual or same sex activity -anticipatory guidance: sexual decisions, contraception, STD prevention, teen pregnancy
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sexuality & reproduction for young adults
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-unintended pregnancy -infertility -STD-leading cause of infection in high-risk groups
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sexuality & reproduction for middle age adults
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-pregnancy = 77% unintended -changes in reproductive system/sexual functions -HIV/STD
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sexuality & reproduction for older adults
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-desire for sexual intimacy remains steady throughout life -older adults need to practice safe sex -STD/HIV are issues for older adults
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roles & relationships for infants
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Attachment & bonding -both parents need to hold the baby with in the first few min -paternal engrossment -child abuse
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roles & relationships for toddlers
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-regression may occur when introduced to a younger sibling -may exhibit sibling rivalry -child abuse
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roles & relationships for preschoolers
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-peers become increasingly important -Divorce -child abuse
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roles & relationships for school age children
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-family environment provide sense of security -increase in independence & maturity
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roles & relationships for adolescence
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-increase independence-parents need to learn to let go -move from child in the family to member of a group -peer groups-primary resource
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roles & relationships for young adults
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-develop enduring friendships -formation of intimate relationships -decisions about life/career directions -separation/divorce
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roles & relationships for middle age adults
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Midlife crisis -time of reassessment, turmoil & change multiple responsibilities & stressors Role changes -empty nest -single parent families -caring for aging parents -death & grief processes
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roles & relationships for older adults
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-loss of former roles-child, sibling, spouse -grand parenting: new role -retirement
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self perception & self concept for infants
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-trust vs. mistrust -smiling or crying has an effect on others -at 4 months become fascinated with their own reflection -see the world as an extension of themselves
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self perception & self concept for toddlers
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autonomy vs. shame & doubt -gain interpersonal relationships by testing the boundaries of their autonomy -need for autonomy may conflict with safety, parental limits or rights of other children -response to frustration is a tantrum
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self perception & self concept for preschoolers
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-basic self concept -piaget's theory: preoperational -Erickson's theory: initiative vs. guilt
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self perception & self concept for school age children
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-Erickson-Industry vs. inferiority -Piaget-Concrete Operations Stage -Kohlberg-Younger School age is preconventional; older school age is conventional -self esteem, sense of control, body concept
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self perception & self concept for adolescence
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Erickson-Identity vs. role confusion Piaget-formal operations -self perception and body image influenced by expectations from individual, peers, and society
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self perception & self concept for young adults
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-Erickson-Intimacy vs isolation -Piaget- Formal Isolation -Kohlberg-post conventional moral reasoning --Work is primary importance and helps form self image
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self perception & self concept for middle age adults
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-Erickson-Generativity vs stagnation -Piaget-Formal Operations -Kohlberg-conventional and post conventional stages --affects on self image related to age
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self perception & self concept for older adults
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-Erickson-integrity vs. despair
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coping & stress tolerance for older adults
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-ability to cope plays a big role in self concept & integrity -depression risk increases -suicide rate is high
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coping & stress tolerance for middle age adults
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-stress hardiness-Control, Commitment, Challenge
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coping & stress tolerance for young adults
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Achievement oriented stress -lack of sleep -skip meals -increased work hours Suicide & depression -unable to cope w/stress -development of mental disorders -assessment for suicide
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coping & stress tolerance for adolescence
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-time of change effects mood & behavior -must develop coping skills to assist with balance/adaptive ways -depression-asses for and refer for treatment -suicide-3rd leading cause of death-recognize signs & prevention edu.
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coping & stress tolerance for school age children
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New Stresses: -school expectations -peer relationships -cultural differences -divorce -depression -bullying
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coping & stress tolerance for preschoolers
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-similar to toddlers -few tantrums -encourage positive coping mechanisms: play, activities, tasks
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coping & stress tolerance for toddlers
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-temperament will determine how they cope Stressors include: -new sibling -child care -babysitter -toilet training
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coping & stress tolerance for infants
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Developmental crises: -learning new skills creates stress -express stress by crying Situational Crises: -Separation anxiety -protest -despair -withdrawl
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social process for toddlers
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-Daycare -Culture/Ethinicity -Safety laws -economics
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social process for school age children
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-peers are strongest relationship outside family -attitude towards racial differences develop -legislation-public laws: Education for all handicapped children act
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social process for adolescence
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-school is the setting for socialization -legislation: age varies for assuming adult responsiblities
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social process for young adults
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-homelessness-poverty, poor education, lack of skills -dual careers-may increase relationship strain, may increase life complexity ( day care, living arrangements)
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social process for middle age adults
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-different interpretations of health/wellness
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social process for older adults
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-medicare/Medicaid -accidents
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for infants
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-accidents: falls, burns, choking, MVA's Health Promotion -car seat safety -child abuse prevention/detection -educate parents on immunizations, sleep positions, breastfeeding
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for toddlers
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Safety: drowning, burns, firearms, MVA's, toys -injury due to: - lack of judgment -not well coordinated -very curious Promotion: Focus on parents: need to create a safe environment for play.
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for preschoolers
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-Injuries -Cancer -Screening Health Promotion -Safety education -Screening for dental, cognitive, vision, hearing -supervised play
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for school age children
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Accidents: MVA's, bicycle, sports, firearms Health promotion: -safety -screenings -promote education for self care: Diet, sleep safety & activity
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for adolescence
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-Accidents: MVA's due to inexperience, drugs, ETOH, distractions -Sports injuries: immature coordination, judgment Violence: risk for carrying weapons, risk taking behavior -Substance use/abuse -cancer Health Promotion: -Health Education related to preventative healthcare -Education for adaptive coping strategies
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for young adults
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-Accidents, Pollution, Occupational Hazards, Chemical agents, Cancer Risks: MVA's, violence, Drug/Alcohol/tobacco abuse Health promotion: educate for healthy behaviors
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for middle age adults
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Pollution: Noise, air, water Chemical: drugs, smoking Risks: heart disease, Cancer Health Promotion: health Screening fore disease, active lifestyle
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environment processes/risks & health promotion for older adults
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-environment: Falls, osteoporosis, impaired heat/cold sensation, MVA's, Flu, medication interactions -risks: chronic illness, accidents -health promotion: dementia assessments, education re: normal changes vs illness
