NLN PAX RN Study Guide IV – Flashcards
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homogenous mixture
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a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
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solution
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a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout
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filtration
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a process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
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solvent
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a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
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solute
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the dissolved substance in a solution
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tincture
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A solution, usually alcoholic, of some principle used in medicine.
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chromatography
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the process of seperating a chemical mixture into its individual substances
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heterogeneous mixture
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least mixed, does not appear to be same throughout, particles easy to see
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emulsion
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A uniform mixture of two unmixable liquids; it is often temporary (oil in water)
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solubility
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the ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure
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distillation
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the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors
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chemical change
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a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter
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physical change
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a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition
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reaction
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a process in which one or more substances are changed into others
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reactant
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a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
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product
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a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
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synthesis
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a chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a new, more complex substance
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single replacement reactions
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element reacting with a compound atom of the single element replaces an element in the compound
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double displacement reactions
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where two compounds react to form two new compounds
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acid base reaction
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When an acid and base mix together, neutralize one another's properties, and form a salt.
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neutralization reaction
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a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt
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acid
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any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
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base
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any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water
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pH scale
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a range of numbers used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is; ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)
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indicator
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a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance
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decomposition reactions
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when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions.
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activation energy
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energy needed to get a reaction started
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catalyst
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a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
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exothermic
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chemical reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat
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endothermic
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describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings
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equlibrium
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When molecules are moving form greater to lesser concentration in an attempt to reach a balanced state or ao state of.
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organic compound
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a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
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hydrocarbon
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organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
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alcohol
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A substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups(-OH)
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aldehyde
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An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.
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ketone
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An organic compound with a carbonyl group of which the carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons.
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structural formula
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an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule
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carbohydrate
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an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals
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monosaccharide
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single sugar molecule (monomer)
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disaccharide
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A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
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polysaccharide
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a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides (sugar)
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starch
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polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose molecules; food storage molecule for plants
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glycogen
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The form in which the liver and muscles store glucose
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lipid
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macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
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fatty acid
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an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils
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glycerol
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Three-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups; component of fats and oils.
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protein
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an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
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amino acid
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a small molecule that is linked chemically to other amino acids to form proteins
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dehydration synthesis
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a chemical reaction in which large molecules are formed by removing water from smaller molecules and joining them together
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hydrolysis
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a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water
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Lugol's solution
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used to test for starch (iodine)
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Benedict's solution
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solution to test for glucose.
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displacement
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distance and direction of an object's change in position from the starting point
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motion
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an object's change in position over time when compared with a reference point
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speed
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distance traveled by an object per unit time
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velocity
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the speed of an object in a particular direction
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acceleration
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a rate of change of velocity
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deceleration
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object slowing down or negative acceleration
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momentum
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Mass times Velocity
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conservation of momentum
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the law that states that the total momentum in a system of interacting objects always remains the same
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vector
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a quantity with magnitude and direction.
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newtons first law
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an object at rest will stay at rest, an object that is moving will stay moving unless disturbed by an unbalanced force.
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inertia
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the tendency of a body to maintain is state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force
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newtons second law
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the net force of an object is equal to the product of it's acceleration and mass.
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force
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the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity
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newton
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A unit of measure that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 meter per second per second
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friction
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the force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface
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gravity
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the force of attraction between all masses in the universe
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weight
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force of gravity on an object
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torque
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twisting force; producing rotation
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lever arm
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The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to a line drawn along the direction of the force
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centripetal force
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any force that causes an object to move in a circular path
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newtons third law
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for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, for every force or action there is an equal and opposite force or reaction
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energy
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the capacity of a physical system to do work
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kinetic energy
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the energy of motion
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potential energy
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Energy that is stored and held in readiness
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work
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a manifestation of energy "work equals force times distance"
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joule
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a unit of work equal to one newton-meter
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power
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the rate of doing work
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machine
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A device for overcoming resistance at one point by applying force at some other point
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efficiency
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equals the output work divided by the input work; expressed as a percentage
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simple machine
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a device for overcoming resistance at one point by applying force at some other point
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inclined plane
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slated surface used to raise an object
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wedge
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an inclined plane that moves
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screw
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a simple machine of the inclined-plane type consisting of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that engages with a similarly threaded hole
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lever
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Any rigid rod or plank that rotates or pivots about a point (or fulcrum). MA= distance from fulcrum to input force/ distance from fulcrum to output force. Ex: seasaw
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pulley
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a simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel
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wheel and axle
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a lever that rotates in a circle
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compound machine
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is a combination of 2 or more machines
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density
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the amount of mass in a given space; mass per unit volume
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atom
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the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
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kinetic theory
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explanation of the behavior of molecules in matter; states that all matter is made of constantly moving particles that collide without losing energy
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solid
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a substance that has a definite shape and volume
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liquid
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a substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
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gas
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A state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume
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molecules
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groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
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pressure
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the force applied to a unit area of surface
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boyle's law
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The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperture; when volume increase, pressure decreases., P1V1=P2V2
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charles's law
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that for a fixe amount of gas at aconstant pressure the volume of the tgas increases as its temperature increases.
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temperature
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a measure of how hot or cold something is
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heat
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a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
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specific heat
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amount of heat required to increase the temperature of water
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phase
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a distinct state of matter in a system
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change
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exchange or replace with another, usually of the same kind or category
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latent heat
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heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure
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phase change
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the reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another
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specific heat
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the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1 degree Celsius
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celcius
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based on freezing point of water, freezing point of water is 0 degrees celcius, boiling point of water is 100 degrees celcius
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kelvin
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a unit of measurement of the movement of molecules
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fahrenheit
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A unit for measuring temperature in the customary system
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ice point
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The temperature at which ice melts or water freezes
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steam point
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The point at which water at standard pressure boils
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triple point
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the temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance coexist at equilibrium
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absolute zero
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The coldest temperature, 0 Kelvin, that can be reached. It is the hypothetical temperature at which all molecular motion stops.
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motion
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the act of changing location from one place to another
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wave
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a movement like that of an ocean wave
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longitudinal wave
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a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave travels
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transverse wave
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a wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels
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periodic motion
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any motion that repeats at regular time intervals
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period
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an amount of time
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frequency
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the ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations
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hertz
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unit of measurement for frequency
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amplitude
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the maximum displacement of a periodic wave
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crest
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the highest point of a wave
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trough
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a narrow depression (as in the earth or between ocean waves or in the ocean bed)
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wave length
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the length from one crest to another
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diffraction
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when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands
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interference
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a wave interaction that occurs when two or more waves overlap
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resonance
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a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system
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photon
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a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy
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electromagnetic waves
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a form of energy that can move through the vacuum of space
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electromagnetic spectrum
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the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves
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visible light
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electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation
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pitch
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the property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration
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loudness
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the human perception of how much energy a sound wave carries
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doppler effect
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change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other
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reflection
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a likeness in which left and right are reversed
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refraction
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The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
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dispersion
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The relative distribution or arrangement of it's individuals within a given amount of space.
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lens
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a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images
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convex lens
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lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus
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focal point
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a point of convergence of light (or other radiation) or a point from which it diverges
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radio waves
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Lowest frequency electromagnetic waves
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infrared waves
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long wave lengths,penetrate the deepest and have most heat
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ultraviolet light
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electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 1 and 380 nanometers
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x-rays
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radiographs, film images, creaged by projection of high energy electromagnetci waves through an area of a patients body onto a photographic plate, shows bony structures and organ outlines.
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gamma rays
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waves of energy given off by radioisotopes
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neutron
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neutral particle of an atom
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proton
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positively charged particle
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electron
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negatively charged particle
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Coulomb's Law
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The amount of electric force between charged objects depends on the distance between the objects and the magnitude of the charges.
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magnetism
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force of repulsion or attraction between like and unlike poles
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magnetic field
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The energy field created by the spinning of the inner and outer cores.
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torque
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twisting force; force producing rotation
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electrical potential energy
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the ability to move an electric charge from one point to another
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transformer
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an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage
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voltage
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the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit
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voltmeter
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measures voltage
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current
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a flow of electricity through a conductor
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ammeter
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a meter that measures the flow of electrical current in amperes
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resistor
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an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current
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series circuit
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the electrical devices are connected in one continuous loop
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ampere
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a former unit of electric current (slightly smaller than the SI ampere)
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parallel circuit
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circuit in which electric current can follow more than one path
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power
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the rate of doing work
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watt
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a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second
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mass defect
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the amount by which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent particles
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radioactivity
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the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay
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radioactivity decay
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the spontaneous decay of certain unstable atomic nuclei
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transmutation
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The process that occurs when an atom undergoes radioactive decay.
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nuclear reaction
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(physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei
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fusion
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the act of fusing (or melting) together
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fission
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reproduction of some unicellular organisms by division of the cell into two more or less equal parts
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quantum mechanics
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the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level
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photoelectric effect
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The emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal
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ionization
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the process of adding electrons to or removing electrons from an atom or group of atoms
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theory of relativity
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the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts
