NCE/LPC Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
213 test answers
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Accomplished by rewarding success of desired behavior.
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Shaping
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Learning method involving the conditioning of new stimuli to existing responses.
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Classical Conditioning
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A behavior modification used to establish new behavior.
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reinforcement
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The designations "common," "personal," & "cardinal" refer to ______________.
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Trait Theory
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Individuals are in an interactional relationship with their environment.
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contextual worldview
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Freud believed human behavior is mainly motivated by the psychosexual energy called __________.
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libido
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Relearning by using a particular stimulus to establish a new, more adaptive response
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counter conditioning
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Idea that there are many different ways to interpret events, each one leading to different behaviors.
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Kelly's concept of Constructive Alternativism
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A severe psychological disorder involving loss of contact with reality.
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Psychosis
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Process of development and body change resulting from heredity rather than learning.
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Maturation
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Vicarious conditioning occurs through observed________.
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modeling
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The unpleasantness of _________motivates individuals to avoid or reduce inconsistencies in cognitive structure.
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cognitive dissonance
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Used by individuals to maintain feelings of adequacy and self-worth rather than coping directly with a stressful situation.
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defense mechanisms
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Used to help reduce anxiety experienced by an agoraphobic client.
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systematic desensitization
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Skinner believes the social environment provides a variety of __________to help shape human behavior.
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consequences
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Patterns of ____________that may be organic, psychological, or sociocultural in origin.
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abnormal behavior
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The tendency toward subjective functioning, with the self being of greatest importance.
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Jung's theory of Introversion
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Behavior modification programs in schools/group homes used to motivate participants.
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token economy
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This approach to human functioning stresses the importance of each individual's perception of reality.
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Phenomenological
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Emphasizes the importance of genetic and physical contributors to maladaptive behavior.
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biological viewpoint
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Use of family constellation
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Adler
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traits and values
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Allport
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vicarious conditioning
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Bandura
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16 Personality Factor Questionairre
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Cattell
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stage theory of development
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Erikson
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Cognitive dissonance
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Festinger
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id, ego, superego
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Freud
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introversion-extroversion
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Jung
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cognitive meaning making
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Kegan
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Role Construct Repertory Test
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Kelly
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Justice Reasoning & Moral development
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Kohlberg
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Life Space
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Lewin
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seven-stage ego development
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Loevinger
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Self-actualization
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Maslow
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Thematic apperception test
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Murray
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Russian Psychologist
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Pavlov
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dualism, relativism, & commitment
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Perry
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original child psychologist
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Piaget
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actualizing tendency
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Rogers
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principle of reinforcement
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Skinner
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interpersonal personality theory
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Sullivan
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stimulus-response-consequence
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Thorndike
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father of American behaviorism
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Watson
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systematic desensitization
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Wolpe
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The main factor in defining a minority.
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Oppression
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In order to better serve Hispanic American clients, counselors should be__________& _____________.
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bilingual and bicultural
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Counselors who do not resolve their own__________will undermine their own work with minority clients.
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prejudice
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The "Superwoman Syndrome" is an exampe of ______.
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role strain
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When too many demands come from various areas of a person's life this results.
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role conflict
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Sex role ___________ is unhealthy, where ___________promotes better functioning.
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stereotyping, androgyny
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Times of change from one role or stage to the next are referred to as ______________.
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transitions
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______________ or __________________makes employment, housing, medical, and other services difficult to obtain.
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Discrimination against elderly, ageism
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This is detrimental to a counselor's work with gay men or lesbian women.
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homophobia
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In determining treatment situations for clients, counselors should look for _____________.
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least restrictive environment
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Public law 94-192 improved services for children with ________________.
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disabilities
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_____________or ________________ are more distinct in early life and more alike in the elderly.
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Gender roles, Sex roles
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In building rapport with minority clients, counselors need to be aware of ___________.
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nonverbal communication
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Child, parent, & grandparent are the major ________.
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family roles
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Females actually have greater ___________ than males.
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verbal ability
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The balance between work life, family life, and leisure.
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role integration
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_______________ dictate the customs, attitudes, and beliefs of a particular racial or ethnic group.
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culture-bound values
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Culture conflict is a major issue for many _________.
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Asian Americans
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Pessimism, stoicism, & laziness are stereotypes of ______________.
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Native Americans
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The counselor must accurately diagnose the problem taking cultural norms into consideration before
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effective intervention can take place.
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The belief that clients should change to fit the environment.
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autoplastic view
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The belief tht suggests changing the outside world.
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Alloplastic view
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Counselors are often called to collaborate with medical and legal personnel when dealing with
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abuse
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As nontraditional families increase, the traditional_____________ is declining.
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nuclear family
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This decreases as one's age increases.
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cohort group
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Lesbians and gays reveal their sexual orientation to themselves and/or others.
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The process of coming out
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grieving process
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Kubler-Ross
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emic-etic dilemma
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Draguns
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life-career rainbow
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Super
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primarily from China, Japan, & the Phillipines
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Asian Americans
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life review therapy
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Butler
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American Indian, Alaska Native, and New Indian
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Native Americans
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primarily African
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Black Americans
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developmental stages
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Erikson
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MID model
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Atkinson, Morten, & Sue
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Sex Role Inventory
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Bem
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primarily Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican
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Hispanic Americans
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five life-span eras
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Levinson
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This may be basic, additive, or subtractive.
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empathy
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This treatment focuses on the client's past.
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psychoanalysis
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When counselors accept and value clients without reservation, they demonstrate __________.
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UPR
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This type of therapy insists that clients take full responsibility for their actions.
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reality
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Humanistic counselors believe clients are inherently moving towards ____________.
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self-actualization
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This relationship is voluntary, professional, and egalitarian.
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consultation
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Counselors who consistently behave in accordance with their own values and perceptions are showing
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genuiness.
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This counselor has a personal style incorporating various theories and approaches.
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eclectic
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According to __________, clients' current behaviors, feelings, and actions are based on their life scripts.
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TA View
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__________developed scales for measuring empathy, genuiness, and respect.
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Carkhuff
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Counselors who fear rejection or closeness and affection may have difficulty developing _________in the helping relationship.
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intimacy
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Clients feel they have really been understood when counselors use accurate ______________.
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reflection of content and feeling.
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_____________ uses an approach that is very effective for treating depression.
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Beck
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Counselors who apply complete thinking, feeling & behavior towards clients, use helping skill known as
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attending
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This approach explores what is affecting the client in the here and now.
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Gestalt
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Listening, attending, & inquiring
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helping skills
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_____________recognized the importance of a person's position in the family constellation.
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Adler
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When a client directs toward the counselor feelings that were once attached to a significant other, _________ takes place.
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transference
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He introduced the concept of observational learning.
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Bandura
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A process of eliminating anxiety by pairing the anxiety-evoking situation with a relaxing response.
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systematic desenstization
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A basic premise of ____________ is that people are influenced by the consequences of their behavior.
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behavior modification
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This view holds that individuals are essentially good in nature with a tendency toward growth and productivity..
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client-centered view
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Flooding the client with anxiety-producing stimuli within a safe setting is called
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implosive therapy
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Counselors who keep confidentiality, are reliable, and are dependable slowly develop
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trustworthiness
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The concept of collective unconscious was introduced by
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Jung
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Adler
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individual psychology
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Bandura
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social learning theory
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Beck
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cognitive therapy
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Berne
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TA
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Caplan
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mental health consultation
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Carkhuff
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counselor response scales
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Egan
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helping skills
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Ellis
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RET & REBT
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Frankl
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paradoxical intention
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Freud
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psychoanalysis
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Gendlin
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focusing
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Glasser
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reality therapy
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Horney
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neo-Freudian
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Ivey
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microskills
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Jung
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analytical psychotherapy
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Kurpius
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consultation modalities
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Maslow
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hierarchy of needs
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Moreno
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psychodrama
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Parsons
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father of guidance
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Perls
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gestalt
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Rogers
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person-centered
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Schein
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process consultation
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Skinner
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behavior modification
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Wolpe
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behavior therapy
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This leadership style leaves all the group decision making up to the members of the group.
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Laissez-faire
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The group's attractiveness to it's members is known as
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cohesiveness
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One of the first things a group needs to do is start developing rules of conduct, known as
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norms
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One of the basic techniques in transactional analysis is called
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life-script analysis
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Personal growth group leaders are referred to as
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facilitators
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This consists of the members of the groups analyzing the group's functioning.
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group process
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Members may join at any time during the life of this type of group.
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Open Group
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A direct expression of one's views and feelings in a conflict situation that also invites the oppostition to do the same.
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confrontation
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One way groups are helpful is by providing members with
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in vivo
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This concludes that group members change their behavior as a result of being observed.
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The Hawthorne Effect
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"What happens in the group stays in the group" is an underlying assumption of
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confidentiality
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According to Gazda, the stage linking exploration and action is the
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transition
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"Primary," "secondary," and "tertiary" refer to
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prevention
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These define the expectations of the group concerning the group members.
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Group roles
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Counselors who focus on the group as a whole use
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horizontal intervention
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This occurs when clients project onto the therapist feelings having to do with past relationships.
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transference
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A method of letting clients know ahead of time the nature, expectations, and goals of the group, especially in mandatory groups.
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Informed consent
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Neurotic personalities are better handled in ____________ rather than group counseling.
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group psychotherapy
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When group members give _____________to another group member, they are letting that person know how his/her behavior affects others.
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feedback
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Established principles that guide counselors in the conscientious practice of their profession are known as
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ethics
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Another name for laboratory group is
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sensitivity group
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An action method of group therapy that was first developed in Vienna.
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Psychodrama
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A ___________________ has an M.D. degree, where a __________________ has a Ph.D. degree.
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Psychiatrist, Psychologist
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A diagram that depicts relationships within a group is called a
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sociogram
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An observation that can be scientifically described is said to be
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phenomenological
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Adler
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family group guidance
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Bale
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interaction analysis
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Bandura
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learning theory
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Benne and Sheats
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roles:task, individual, maintenance
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Lewin
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term:group dynamics
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Luft and Ingram
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Johari's window
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Moreno
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psychodrama
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Rogers
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group centered
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Yalom
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curative factors
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The matching approach to a career development is known as
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trait and factor
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Role-playing is a form of the career development approach known as
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simulation
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_________'s theory of career development uses the hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow.
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Roe
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The Dictionary of Occupational Titles codes occupations according to field and gives reference to
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data, people, and things
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If the test has high ___________, we can assume the test actually measures what it claims to measure.
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validity
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This refers to average performance consdiering the mean, median, and mode.
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central tendency
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The ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.
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Ratio IQ Score
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Kuder-Richadson Formula 20 is a mathematical formula used to estimate ________________ or homogeneity.
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Internal Consistency
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In a sociogram, an unselected individual is referred to as this.
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Isolate
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This is the most frequently occurring score in a given distribution.
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Mode
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If scores pile up at one end of the distribution or the other, it is said to be a ___________________________.
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Skewed Distribution
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A normal score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
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T-Score
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A typing test is an example of a _________________ test.
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Proficiency
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___________________ refers to the extent to which measurements correlate with a particular criterion when both are measured at the same time; whereas ________________________refers to the correlation between test scores on a particular criterion and later performance on the same criterion.
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Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity
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The tendency for an individual's score to move closer to the mean on subsequent testing is known as this:
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Regression Effect
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The degree to which scores in one distribution explain scores in another distribution is referred to as _________________________.
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Shared Variance
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The _______________________, a common rating error, causes the rater to evaluate a subject based on an overall impression, rather than on the particular trait in question.
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Halo Effect
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Kaufman Asessment Battery for Children
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Intelligence
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Kuder
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Interest
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MMPI
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Personality
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Myers-Briggs
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Personality
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WAIS
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Intelligence
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______________ scales are interval scales with an absolute zero point.
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Ratio
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Standard deviation is a measre of this.
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Variability
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Measure of central tndency include ______________, __________________, and _________________.
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Mean, Median, Mode
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In research, a varbiable that is a conseqence of an antecedent variable is called this.
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Dependent Variable
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This type of scale places objecs or individuals into categories.
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Nominal Scale
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Maturation, regression and experimental mortality are examples of threats to this.
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Internal Validity
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To compare the mean scores of two groups, this test should be used.
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T Test
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Interval and ratio data are ___________________, and nominal and ordinal are _______________________.
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Quantitative data; Qualitative Data
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In this type of research, the independent variable is not within the control of the researcher.
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Ex Post Facto
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When two or more groups are being compared, the omnibus _________________ can be used to determine if any significant diferences exist.
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F Test
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When ______________________________ is used, each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.
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Simple Random Sampling
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The calculated and critical t values are compared to determine whether or not to reject this.
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Null Hypothesis
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This has to do with the generalizability of the results of a study.
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External Validity
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This refers to the strength of the relationship between two variables.
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Correlation
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Hawthorne
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An Experimental effect that threatens internal validity
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Likert
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Summated Rating Scales
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Solomon
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Research design with three or four groups
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A counselor who meets the educational and exprimental requirements may become a(n) _____________________ of the AAMFT.
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Clinical member
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Counselors who are devoted to self-improvement as well as improvement of the counseling profession are said to have good _______________________ ____________________.
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Professional Orientation
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Although professional ________________ are not legally binding, they are enforced by professional organizations.
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Ethics
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Before conducting research with human subjects, professional counselors should obtain this.
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Informed Consent
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Counselors are guilty of this when they date or have other nonprofessional involvement with clients.
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Dual Relationships
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