MYpsy ch 13 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

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Mary Calkins is best known for

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being the first woman to become president of the APA.

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The relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called

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personality

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According to the text, a key aspect of personality is its ________ quality in an individual in different situations.

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consistent

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________ is defined as the psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual's behavior in different situations and at different times.

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Personality

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Research on ________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences.

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the heritability of traits

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Also known as your personality characteristics, this is a relatively stable personality pattern that includes temperaments, traits, and personality types:

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disposition

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This is the internal working of the personality, involving motivation, emotion, perception, and learning, as well as unconscious processes:

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personality process

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In the United States and in other Western countries, ________ is emphasized more so than in Asian countries.

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individualism

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Mei is Chinese American. She is very loyal to her family. Her sister lives with her, and she mails money back to China to her father and younger brother. Mei's way of life is typical of someone who comes from a culture that is

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collectivistic

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Which of the following is considered to be an individualistic culture?

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Great Britain

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Which of the following choices describes the cultural personality of the United States?

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individualistic

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It is common for Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America to focus more on group loyalty and pride and thus emphasize ________ in their societies.

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collectivism

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. ________ proposed the idea that bodily fluids, or humors, were associated with different temperaments.

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Hippocrates

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Match up the correct humor with its corresponding temperament:

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sanguine; warm blood

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A person with a sanguine temperament would be said to have ________ and would be expected to be ________.

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warm blood; cheerful

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A choleric temperament was associated with

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yellow bile.

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If you were to describe a friend's personality as being phlegmatic, we could expect them to be

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cool and unemotional.

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The modern view of temperament asserts that it

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is biologically based.

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Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?

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Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.

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Jerome Kagan's recent studies of shyness found that

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. 20% of all children are highly responsive and excitable

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The observation that a smaller number of infants are shy in contrast to the 40% of shy college students suggests that

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adult shyness may reflect inherited and learned influences.

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A ________ is a relatively stable personality tendency that guides one's thoughts and actions across various conditions.

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trait

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________ theorists have determined five major characteristics of personality

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trait

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The factor of ________ is NOT one of the "Big Five" dimensions underlying personality. a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. openness to experience d. extraversion e. anger

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anger

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What are the Big Five personality traits?

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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

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Which of the following is the correct acronym for the "Big Five" personality factors?

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O-C-E-A-N

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An investigation of students' housing preferences would probably show that single rooms are preferred by _______whereas suites are preferred by _______.

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introverts; extraverts

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Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure

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openness

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Travis is a participant in the X-games every year, which features events that are high flying and exhilarating to watch or participate in, but also very dangerous to the competitors. Because Travis is willing to take chances with his health to get the adrenaline rush from these sorts of events, Costa and McCrae would argue that he ranks high on which of the five factors?

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openness

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If Sylvia is described as trustworthy, altruistic and tender-minded, then she probably is fairly high on the Big Five superfactor known as

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agreeableness

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Ted is friendly, loves to tell jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as warm and considerate. On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores?

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. agreeableness and extraversion

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Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories? a. No evidence has been found to support these theories. b. Research in this area is too new to report any findings. c. Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures. d. Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated. e. It has found that Freud was right in his conception of the unconscious.

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Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures.

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The ________ is designed to assess the "Big Five" factors of personality.

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NEO-PI

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The ________ is a test used to measure serious mental problems, such as schizophrenia and depression

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MMPI-2

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Which of the following is true of the MMPI-2? a. It cannot detect lying. b. It is based on norms from Eastern cultures. c. It was originally designed to diagnose minority group members. d. It measures "normal" personality. e. It contains ten clinical scales.

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It contains ten clinical scales.

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If you are completing a paper/pencil test that requires you to read statements and indicate "true" or "false" as to whether or not they apply to you, then you are likely taking a(n)

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personality inventory

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As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

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an inventory

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As part of the initial screening for possible employment, a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields scores on tendencies toward depression and schizophrenia. What is the name of this psychological assessment tool?

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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A ________ test measures what it was designed to measure.

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valid

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If Brianna weighs 125 pounds, but her scale indicates that she weighs 143 pounds, we would say the scale is not

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valid

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Dr. Heinz has designed a new test for assessing depression. She has found that repeated administrations of the test have had consistent results across her sample subjects. We could say that her test has high

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reliability.

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One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much

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explanation

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A serious criticism of trait theories is that these

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believe personality is fixed and static.

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Distinct clusters of personality traits are called

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personality types.

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is

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often used for career counseling and team building.

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test does not measure

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dominance and subordination

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A serious criticism of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test is that a. it does measure intuition. b. scores on the test are inconsistent when taken by the same person on two occasions. c. there is little evidence that the test predicts occupational success. d. it has strong validity. e. B and C are correct.

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. B and C are correct.

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Conversion disorder was referred to as ________ in the 1800s.

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hysteria

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Physicians in the late 1800s were puzzled by hysteria, a condition in which

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physical symptoms had no apparent physical cause.

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. ________ demonstrated that hysteria could be treated using hypnosis.

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Jean Charcot

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Freud first used ________ to help his patients and later developed ________ as a therapy.

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hypnotism; psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to

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sex

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According to Freud, the ________ is the source of powerful impulses, drives, and conflicts of which we are unaware.

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unconscious

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Freud believed that the ________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

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unconscious mind

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For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ________ mind.

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unconscious

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. In psychoanalytic theory, ________ is the energy behind our sex drive.

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libido

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Freud argued that everything we do arises from a sex-based survival instinct and an instinct for defense and aggression.

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Freud

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Freud believed that Thanatos was the driving force behind

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destructive and aggressive behaviors.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the layers of consciousness proposed by Sigmund Freud? a. conscious b. conscience c. preconscious d. unconscious e. subconscious

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conscience

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Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water?

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ego

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"If it feels good do it" best describes the

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id.

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Derrick is an executive with a large financial firm. Any time his investments do poorly, he throws temper tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control?

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id

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You are quite hungry but don't have any money. If you were described as "all id and only id'" what would you do?

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Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner.

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What is Freud's term for the primitive, unconscious side of personality?

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id

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For Freud, the seething cauldron of unconscious urges and desires continuously seeking expression is the

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id

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There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure- seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Ron was mostly

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id

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Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say

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"I'm so angry I could kill that player."

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A Freudian psychoanalyst would interpret a client's impulsive need for immediate gratification as due to an overactive

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id

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The ________ is the unconscious part of a personality

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id

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The key function of the ego is to resolve conflicts between the ________ and the ________.

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. id; superego

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The Freudian concept of ________ refers to the part of personality responsible for the appropriate channeling of drives.

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ego

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There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure- seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Harry was mostly

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ego

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According to Freud, rationality and logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by the

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ego

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A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely

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amoral.

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After only two hours of sleep, Julie's alarm clock goes off. Her ego would most likely cause her to

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hit the snooze alarm and wake up in ten minutes.

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A Freudian analyst would interpret a church-going person who views premarital sex as a sin as being ruled by their

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superego

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The job of the _________ is to find practical ways for the _________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ________.

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ego; id; superego

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Yongmei is studying for her math test. Her boyfriend Marcus asks if she can go to the movies with him. She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the math test in order to pass the class. What part of Yongmei's personality will say "You must stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for you to graduate"?

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. her superego because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience

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There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure- seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Hermione was mostly

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superego

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Which element in Freud's personality theory corresponds to the common notion of the conscience?

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superego

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For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the

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superego

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Anthony is sick of writing papers and studying for tests, but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career. So every morning Anthony gives himself a dressing down - in essence yelling at himself - to make himself get out of bed and go to classes, and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work. According to Freud, which personality structure is in control here?

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superego (Correct. The superego is thought to operate on morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave in appropriate manners, and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong.)

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Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office. Later, she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took. Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior.

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. superego

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. In the metaphor the angel, the devil, and me, the angel is the

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superego

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In the metaphor the angel, the devil, and me, the devil is the

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id

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When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, to what was he really referring?

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the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure

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According to Freud's theory of personality development, there are ________ stages that each person must pass through.

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5

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What is the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. During infancy, the psychosexual stage is called the

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oral stage.

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In the different ________ stages, children are thought to associate pleasure with different bodily regions.

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psychosexual

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According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. The last stage is called the

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genital stage.

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According to Freud, a male child who has resolved his Oedipus complex is most likely to

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identify with his father.

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According to Freud, a boy's sexual attachment to his mother and jealousy of his father is called

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the Oedipus complex.

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The Freudian complex that must be resolved by boys as the ascend the psychosexual stages of development is the __________ complex.

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Oedipus

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According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the

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phallic stage.

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Four-year-old Larry squeezes between his Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept?

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Oedipus complex

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What did Freud perceive as the outcome of successful resolution of the Oedipus complex?

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identification with the same-sex parent

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Dan plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage.

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oral

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Toilet training takes place during which of Freud's psychosexual stages?

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anal

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Steve is extremely uptight and compulsively neat and orderly. According to Freudian theory, he became fixated at the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

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anal

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. ________ are preconscious mental strategies used to reduce conflict.

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Ego defense mechanisms

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What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too insistent?

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defense mechanisms

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________ is the ego defense mechanism that functions to exclude unacceptable feelings from consciousness.

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Repression

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The personality of a child who is fixated in the anal stage tends to be excessively

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neat.

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What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage?

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We could become fixated at that stage.

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When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to parents, it is called

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repression

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Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones are at a lecture given by their mentor. Dr. Smith thinks the talk is horrible, but rather than deal with the fact that he is critical of his mentor's work, he instead accuses Dr. Jones of thinking the talk was terrible. Dr. Smith feels this way due to

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projection

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Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defense mechanism is at work here?

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denial

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Jeromy has been having an affair with another woman. One afternoon his wife came home later than usual and Jeromy became angry - accusing his wife of infidelity. Which defense mechanism is behind Jeromy's accusation?

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projection

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When Candace ordered a hot fudge sundae and a diet soda, she told herself that the calories from the ice cream really were not a big deal because the diet soda sort of balanced it all out. Which of Freud's defense mechanisms is motivating Candace?

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rationalization

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Donita is angry with her boss so she left work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark. Which defense mechanism is Donita employing?

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sublimation

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. ________ occurs when you yell at your dog after receiving an "F" on a term paper.

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Displacement

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Assessment instruments in which individuals are asked to describe ambiguous stimuli are called ________ tests.

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projective

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Which assessment technique requires people to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli?

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projective

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Projective tests make use of ________ stimuli.

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ambiguous

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Frank and Gina are looking at an abstract painting in a museum. Gina describes objects and people she thinks she sees in the painting. Frank says, "It's a bunch of paint thrown on a canvas." Gina responds, "No, there is so much here that you just don't see." During lunch they agree that their experience reminds them of what concept they learned in introductory psychology?

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projective testing

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A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect

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unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna's unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Anna does is most similar to

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a projective test.

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Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see. What type of test would psychologists call this?

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projective

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Ron often sees the shapes of animals in the clouds, and he tells his children stories about what the animals are doing. In psychological terms, what Ron is doing is most similar to

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taking a projective test.

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Which of the following is a projective test? a. MMPI-2 b. 16PF c. NEO-PI-R d. Rorschach e. CPI

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Rorschach

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Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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Cheri went to see a psychologist, who showed her several detailed black and white pictures and asked her to explain what was going on in them. The psychologist was using the

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TAT. (The Thematic Apperception Test involves telling a story related to a series of cards with an ambiguous scene on them. )

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What is one criticism of Rorschach tests?

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They have low validity and reliability.

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Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality? a. MMPI b. 16PF c. TAT d. Rorschach e. MPTI

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Rorschach

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A person who is taking the TAT is provided with ambiguous

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pictures

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. The ________ is a projective test that stands on firmer scientific ground than the "inkblot" test. a. Rorschach b. MMPI c. TAT d. MBTI e. Stanford-Binet test

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TAT

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The concept of psychic determinism suggests that

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all acts are determined by inner mental states.

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Psychic determinism assumes that all mental and behavioral reactions are determined by

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unconscious memories, desires, or conflicts. (This is a major component of all Freudian and neo-Freudian theories, and it underlied Freud's therapy process of psychoanalysis.)

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While at a Mexican restaurant, an attractive waitress asks Raul what kind of beer he would like. Instead of saying, "Dos Equis," he says, "Dos sexy." This accidental slip of the tongue could best be explained as

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a Freudian slip.

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Freudian slips are believed to reveal

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unconscious conflicts or desires.

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Freudian theory

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is poor at predicting the future behavior of a person.

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Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

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Freudian concepts are difficult to test.

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Freud's influence is still evident today in

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. advertising and marketing.

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Which term was given to psychoanalysts who broke away from strict interpretation of Freud's theory and developed theories of their own that were based upon Freud's work?

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neo-Freudians

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Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the

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collective

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Carl Jung's term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the id was the

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personal unconscious

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Jung's concept of the personal unconscious most resembles the concept of

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. the id

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Freud is to sexuality as Jung is to

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spirituality

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Jung disagreed with Freud's overemphasis on ________ and Freud's failure to consider ________.

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sexuality; spirituality

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________ proposed the concept of the collective unconscious.

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Jung

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The concept of ________ includes "instinctive" memories that are shared by all people of all cultures.

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the collective unconscious

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. The "anima," the "trickster," and the "mother" are examples of the Jungian concept of

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archetypes

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The neo-Freudian Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called

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archetypes.

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According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the

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collective unconscious

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Carl Jung's term for recurring themes that have been important to humans in many cultures and settings since prehistoric times, such as the concepts of mother, hero, or God, is

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archetypes

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Freud is to ________ as Jung is to the shadow archetype.

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Thanatos

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Who of the following was NOT a neo-Freudian? a. Horney b. Rogers c. Jung d. Adler e. Erikson

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Rogers

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. Karen Horney believed that male/female differences are often due to

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learned social roles.

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Karen Horney believed that ________ may block the normal development of a personality.

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basic anxiety

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Theorists such as ________ and ________ placed greater importance on social factors than did Freud. a. Margaret Sanger; Karen Horney b. Erik Erikson; Alfred Adler c. Carl Rogers; James Randi d. Albert Bandura; Carl Jung e. Julian Rotter; Harry Triandis

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Erik Erikson; Alfred Adler

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Post-Freudian theorists changed psychodynamic personality theory through their

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extension of personality development beyond childhood.

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. Humanistic theories are ________ about the nature of human personality

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optimistic (. In this way, they distinguished themselves from other theories that had already developed. )

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Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives?

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humanistic perspective

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A psychologist who gives their clients a brochure entitled "Personal Growth and Making Life Improvements" is likely to have a ________ orientation

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humanistic

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Maslow identified ________ as the "third force" of psychology

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the humanistic view

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. Maslow identified ________ as an example of a self-actualized personality

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Abraham Lincoln

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Which is TRUE of self-actualization? a. It is at the core of Adler's system of psychology. b. It is completely a biological drive. c. It defines individuals who are free to fulfill their potential. d. It is easily achieved by most people. e. It arises from a restriction of basic biological needs.

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It defines individuals who are free to fulfill their potential

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________ refers to the lifelong process of striving to realize one's full potential.

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Self-actualization

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Carl Rogers would say that students ________ when they view themselves as brilliant, but earn Cs in all their classes.

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are experiencing incongruence

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Carl Rogers defined the ________ as one's psychological reality, composed of perceptions and feelings.

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phenomenal field

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Humanists believe that our motivation is ultimately due to

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self-actualization.

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He coined the term "fully functioning person":

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Rogers

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Jerod has saved plenty of money and has a lucrative business that he enjoys. He likes to volunteer his time in the community and enjoys the company of others - but still saves time to be alone. One of his favorite things to do in the evening is sit outside and watch the sunset. Rogers and Maslow might suggest that Jerod is

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self-actualizing

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In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as

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self-concept.

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Unconditional positive regard is MOST important to the theory of

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Rogers

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Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed

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unconditional positive regard.

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When you accept someone - faults and all - regardless of whether or not you like the individual or approve of his or her lifestyle, Rogers suggests that you are exhibiting

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unconditional positive regard.

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Carl Rogers would say that a child who has done something wrong and whose parents communicate love while letting the child know the parents are unhappy with their action has experienced

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unconditional positive regard

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A key criticism of the humanistic approach is that it

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has concepts which are difficult to define.

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The humanistic concept that self-esteem is crucial for good mental health has been challenged by studies that show

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bullies and drug addicts have high self-esteem.

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. ________ refers to a recently developed psychological movement that emphasizes the study of desirable aspects of human functioning.

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Positive psychology

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Observational learning is the focus of the personality theory devised by

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Albert Bandura.

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________ learning involves learning by watching others' behavior.

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Observational

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A key concept of Bandura's personality theory is his belief that

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people can learn new behaviors through observation of others.

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A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, cognition, and behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ________ psychologist.

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social cognitive

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. ________ refers to the concept of the mutual influence of our cognitions, behavior, and environment.

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Reciprocal determinism

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What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

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reciprocal determinism

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Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as

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. reciprocal determinism.

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Which of the following was not a facet of Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism?

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feelings of inferiority

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The source a person believes to be exerting control over life's events is called

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. locus of control.

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The perceived source of control over one's life is:

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the locus of control.

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Shanda is afraid of failing one of her final exams, primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams and so, no matter how much studying she does, it won't matter. Cognitive theorists would suggest that Shanda

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. has an external locus of control.

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The ________ was created by Julian Rotter to measure our sense of personal power.

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Internal-External Locus of Control Scale

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Jesse has an internal locus of control if, after being involved in a car accident, he believes the accident was due to

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his own lack of concentration.

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One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is

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. the social cognitive view allows for testing whereas the psychoanalytic view does not.

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Previous cognitive theories have tended to overlook the impact of ________ on personality.

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emotion

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The unit of analysis in ________ systems theory is the ________ rather than an individual.

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family; family unit

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The emphasis of modern personality theories is on

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diversity and group processes.

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Your first impression of a new professor is

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influenced by your implicit personality theory.(The way we "channel" new information about people goes through our existing schemata, which make up the implicit personality theory that each of us holds.)

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Susie's naive belief that all artists are emotionally sensitive is an example of

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an implicit personality theory. (Correct. Susie has assumed that one group of people all share some tendencies in common.)

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Buck watches as Janet trips. Buck assumes this occurred because Janet is a klutz (rather than thinking it was because the sidewalk was filled with gravel). Buck has committed the _______ error?

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fundamental attribution

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The fundamental attribution error is less likely to occur in ________ cultures.

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collectivist

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Some modern psychologists describe people in terms of enduring personality characteristics called __________. Clusters of these are called __________

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: traits;types

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Name the "Big Five" personality traits

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extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience

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This is one of the most widely used personality assessments originally designed to assess for serious mental disorders.

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MMPI-2

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Name the source of energy that Freud viewed as driving sexual pleasure

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libido

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Name the five psychosexual stages identified by Freud.

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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Describe the rationale for a projective test.

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The idea is that a person asked to describe a vague stimulus will "project" parts of their unconscious into their description of the stimulus.

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Carl Jung divided the unconscious into the __________ unconscious and the __________ unconscious.

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personal;collective

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Jung's concept of animus explains __________ archetypes, whereas the anima explains __________ archetypes

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masculine/male;feminine/female

question

What did Maslow refer to as psychology's "third force"?

answer

the humanistic view

question

What types of subjects did Maslow examine to form his theory of personality?

answer

He sought information from historical persons such as Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson.

question

According to Bandura, we are capable of learning by __________.

answer

observing

question

What is reciprocal determinism?

answer

Bandura's idea as to the interplay between cognition, behavior, and the environment.

question

Your personal explanation for how and why people behave the way they do has been called your __________ personality theory.

answer

implicit

question

This is the process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations.

answer

generativity

question

You were late to your 8:00 a.m. psychology class because of heavy traffic. As you enter the classroom, 10 minutes late, your professor says, "Next time set your alarm." Your professor has committed the __________.

answer

fundamental attribution error

MYpsy ch 13 – Flashcards

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