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Music therapy

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"The clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individual goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program" (AMTA, 2015).

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act

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Public Law 94-142; passed in 1975 to call for mainstreaming of students with disabilities into public schools in the United States ("free and appropriate" education)

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Individualized Education Program (IEP)

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Developed in 1978 through IDEA to improve the education of students with disabilities who are qualified for special education in the United States; written plan that includes an assessment of the student's strengths and limitations, concrete goals and objectives for education, a list of the people administering the program, related services, and methods for evaluation

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American Music Therapy Association (AMTA)

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The national organization that represents the field of music therapy in the United States today; promotes awareness of the profession, advances clinical and scientific knowledge in the field, and sets and maintains the standards of music therapy practice

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Iso principle

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The concept that music should be chosen to initially match the mood state of a client and adjusted gradually to the desired mood state; described in Kircher's (1602-1680) theory of temperaments and affections, in the dissertation of Samuel Mathews in 1806, and by Esther Gatewood in 1920; termed in the 1940s by Ira Altshuler

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National Association for Music Therapy

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Established in 1950; first national organization to represent the field of music therapy; signaled the birth of the music therapy profession

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American Association for Music Therapy

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Established in 1971; originally called the Urban Federation for Music Therapists (UFMT); the second national organization that represented the field of music therapy; merged with the NAMT in 1998 to form the AMTA

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Board Certification exam

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Established in 1985 by the NAMT and the AAMT to increase the credibility of the field of music therapy; an exam taken by a music therapy student to measure his or her knowledge of music therapy principles and foundations, clinical theories and techniques, general knowledge about music, and professional roles and responsibilities

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Sensorimotor

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The first stage of Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of zero and two; the child learns through his or her senses and motor movements New musical activities: listening to lullabies, listening to speech and environmental sounds, being rocked, vocal play, babbling, and moving rhythmically to music

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Infant-directed speech

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An innate speech tendency used with infants that is characterized as high in pitch, exaggerated in affect and speech contour, and drawn out

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Preoperational

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The second stage in Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of two and seven; the child's language and conceptual skills and interpersonal awareness increase New musical activities: playing musical instruments, coordinating gross and fine motor movements to music, singing songs, improvising melodies, and participating in musical games

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Parallel play

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The mode of playing during which two or more children engage in the same activity without interacting with each other

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Beat competency

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The ability to follow and maintain a simple, steady beat

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Concrete operations

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The third stage of Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of 7 and 11; the child can think systematically and solve problems within his or her reality New musical activities: learning and playing an instrument, reading musical notation, performing in an ensemble

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Formal operations

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The fourth stage of Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of 11 and adulthood; the child can think abstractly; new musical activities: composition

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Elements of music

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Pitch, intensity, duration, and timbre

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Functions of music

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Proposed by Alan Merriam in 1964; physical engagement, communication, emotional expression, aesthetic enjoyment, entertainment, integration of society, conformity to social norms, validation of social institutions and religious rituals, symbolic representation, and continuity and stability of culture

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Tactile

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Referring to the sense of touch

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The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM)

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A music therapy approach created by Hellen Bonny that involves listening to classical music from a relaxed state and experiencing internal imagery while a music therapist provides verbal guiding interventions in order to expand self-awareness, enhance creativity, develop spirituality, and achieve a healthier state of being

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Attention

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The act of attending to a stimulus of interest; this can be shifted, divided, or sustained

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Perception

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The brain's way of processing information received through the senses; involves recognition, organization, synthesis, filtering, and meaning

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Good Gestalts

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According to Gestalt psychology, the principle that figures and patterns tend to be perceived in the most stable form as sensory input will allow; a whole

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Memory

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The storage and retrieval of information in the brain

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Retrieval

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The re-accessing of long-term memories stored in the brain

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Encoding

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The storage of memories

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Mnemonic device

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A memory tool

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Long-term memory

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Information that is rehearsed and stored in the brain and is accessible for a long period of time, sometimes throughout life

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Safety valve function

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The use of music to express disapproval of a social reality or deep-felt emotions

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Extramusical associations

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A thought, emotion, or sensation experienced in response to a sound that represents something nonmusical; e.g. linking a bell tone to the end of class

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Cultural convention

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A set of common standards or social norms in a group of people; e.g. in Western music, the dominant triad leads to the tonic triad

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Referentialist philosophy

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The principle that music finds its meaning in the symbolic representation of nonmusical ideas or events

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Iconicity

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The use of musical structures to represent a feeling, object, or event; i.e. word painting, tone painting, text depiction

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Isomorphism

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In Gestalt psychology, the principle that there is a parallel between Gestalt perception of a pattern and the actual experience of the pattern structure in the brain; in music, the principle that the structural characteristics of music can mimic human emotions or behaviors

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Association through contiguity

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The connection between two events that occur in proximity; e.g. hearing a piece of music that stimulates memories of an event during which the piece was heard

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Expressionism

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The philosophical concept that the elements of music itself enable music to elicit emotional responses and take on meaning

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Optimal complexity theory

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Proposed by Berlyn in 1971; the belief that a balance of familiarity and complexity can elicit a pleasurable emotional response from music

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Theory of expectations

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Proposed by Leonard Meyer; the belief that musical surprises elicit pleasurable emotional responses

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Cue Redundancy model

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A theory proposed by Balkwill and Thompson in 1999 that some musical cues are universal while other musical cues are culture specific

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Intellectual disability

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Originally referred to as mental retardation; a developmental disability marked by decreased intellectual capacity and impaired adaptive behavior that manifests before age eighteen; causes are biomedical, environmental, and educational and can occur prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally; IQ is 70 or less

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Down's Syndrome

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A developmental disability caused by the genetic mutation trisomy 21, causing intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

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Fetal alcohol syndrome

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A disorder that is caused by alcohol consumption of the mother during gestation, resulting in intellectual disabilities, attention problems, growth deficiencies, and/or facial deformities

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Fragile X syndrome

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A disorder that is caused by genetic mutation on the X chromosome, causing intellectual disability

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Etiology

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The cause or origin of a condition

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Meningitis

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A disease that is caused by an infection of the spinal fluid, leading to possible hearing problems or potential death

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Encephalitis

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The swelling or infection of the brain

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Genetic abnormalities

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Broken, damaged, or missing genetic material, causing disability

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Metabolic errors

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Conditions that prevent the body from successfully breaking down substances

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Hydrocephaly

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A condition caused by excess cerebrospinal fluid in and around the brain

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Spina bifida

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A congenital condition caused by an open defect in the spinal column resulting from a failure of the vertebrae to close; may result in paralysis, loss of sensation, or intellectual disability

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Executive function

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The ability to make decisions moment by moment and carry out actions with intention

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Hypotonia

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Lack of muscle tone

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Atlantoaxial instability

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A misalignment of the upper spinal column that is often found in people with Down syndrome

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Self-injurious behavior

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Harmful behavior inflicted on one's self due to frustration

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

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Public Law 101-476; established in 1990 to strengthen the Education for All Handicapped Children Act; a federal special education law that specifies who is eligible for services and what the nature of those services are; requires zero reject, nondiscriminatory evaluation, free and appropriate education, least restrictive environment, procedural due process, and parent and student participation

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Multidisciplinary assessment

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The assessment of the needs, strengths, and limitations of a student with a disability conducted by professionals from a variety of disciplines

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Least restrictive environment (LRE)

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In IDEA, a call to mainstream students with disabilities as much as possible in the classroom with developmentally normal peers with the provision of supports and services

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Medical model

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A model of treatment that focuses primarily on the physical care of a patient

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Autism spectrum disorder

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A pervasive developmental disability that was first described by Leo Kanner in 1943; characterized by difficulties in communication, socialization, behavior, and cognition; caused by uneven or delayed development; challenges vary from person to person

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Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)

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A group of disorders that are characterized by deficits in communication and socialization; includes Asperger's syndrome, Rett's syndrome, and autism

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Asperger's syndrome

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A condition on the autism spectrum that is characterized by stereotypical repetitive behaviors and deficits in socialization; language and communication skills develop normally

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Rett's syndrome

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Disorder that manifests in females resulting from the slowing of head growth after two and a half years of age; characterized by deficits in language and communication, socialization, and physical coordination

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Echolalic

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Speech in which previously spoken words and phrases are repeated without meaning

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Alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) system

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A device or method that is used to facilitate communication for a person with communication deficits; examples include sign language, picture/symbol boards/books/wallets, letter/word boards, voice output devices, and visual tracking devices

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Picture exchange communication system (PECS)

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An AAC system that involves a person using a picture or symbol to represent a want or need; typically used as an aid by children with autism

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Stereotypical behaviors

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Stimulative, repetitive behaviors such as flapping, rocking, and vocalizing on vowel sounds

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Positive behavioral supports

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A system that involves identifying the causes of problematic behavior and determining strategies to replace the behavior

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Auditory awareness

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The ability to distinguish between sound and silence

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Auditory discrimination

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The ability to determine the differences and/or similarities between two or more sounds

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Localization

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The ability to determine the location of a sound

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Expressive language

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The use of verbal or nonverbal communication (e.g. speech, sign, facial expressions, gestures)

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Receptive language

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The ability to listen and understand verbal or nonverbal language

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Sound identification

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The ability to determine the source of a sound

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Congenital

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A condition that presents itself at birth

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Chronic

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A genetically caused condition that presents itself later in life

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Acquired/adventitious

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A condition that is caused by trauma, disease, or disorders of growth and development after birth

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Cerebral palsy

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A congenital and/or chronic condition resulting from damage to the motor cortex; results in problems with movement, posture, and muscle control; types include spasticity, athetosis, rigidity, mixed type, atonia, ataxia, and tremor; may affect one or more limbs of the body

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Muscular dystrophy

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A congenital and/or chronic progressive condition in which the muscles gradually degenerate and are replaced by fat and fibrous tissues

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Clubfoot

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A congenital condition in which the feet are inverted with the heel drawn up and the forefoot bent inward

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Congenital dislocation of the hip

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A congenital condition in which the hip bones develop abnormally during gestation

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Arthrogryposis

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A congenital condition in which the joints are rigid and fixed and the muscles are weak

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Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

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A condition that occurs two times during childhood during which one or more of the joints are inflamed

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Dwarfism

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A congenital condition resulting from the abnormal development of the skeleton; the head and trunk are often normal in size and the limbs are shorter

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Osteogenesis imperfecta

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A congenital or chronic condition resulting in brittleness of the bones; locomotion is limited or impossible

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Thermal injuries

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Burns to the skin resulting from fire, chemicals, electricity, radiation, or prolonged contact with extreme degrees of hot or cold liquids

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Spinal cord injuries

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Injury that causes damage to the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis (paraplegia or quadriplegia); causes may include motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports accidents, or bullet wounds

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Acquired amputations

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Loss of a limb due to motor vehicle accidents, farm accidents, power tool accidents, gunshot injuries, cancer, infections, bone tumors, vascular conditions, etc.

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Poliomyelitis

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An acquired disease caused by a virus that damages the motor neurons in the spinal cord, often resulting in paralysis

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Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RES)

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A neurologic music therapy technique used in gait training; a steady rhythmic stimulus serves as a cue for initiating and sustaining steady locomotion; can improve balance, trajectory fluidity, tempo, coordination, etc.

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Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that makes use of sound patterns to elicit functional movements (e.g. ascending melodic line to facilitate lifting of arms); used to improve balance and posture, increase physical strength and endurance, and increase functional motor skills of the upper limbs

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Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance (TIMP)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that makes use of instrument playing to prompt functional motor movements; can improve spatial perception, endurance, timing of movements, strength, flexibility, range of motion, functional hand movements, finger dexterity, limb coordination, etc.

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Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique developed for expressive aphasia rehabilitation that teaches simple speech by matching the inflection and rhythmic attributes of short phrases to musical prosody; utilizes the patient's unimpaired ability to sing

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Rhythmic Speech Cuing (RSC)

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A neurologic music therapy technique developed for apraxia, dysarthria, and fluency disorder rehabilitation that improves the initiation and rate of speech by providing a steady rhythmic beat and patterned cues with a client's hand, a drum, or a metronome

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Vocal Intonation Therapy (VIT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses the inflection, dynamics, pitch, loudness, timbre, breathing, and prosidy of speech through vocal exercises similar to those used by choir conductors

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Therapeutic Singing (TS)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses the initiation, development, articulation, and breathing involved in speech using unspecified singing experiences

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Oral Motor and Respiratory Exercises (OMREX)

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A neurologic music therapy technique developed to use with people with developmental disabilities, dysarthria, and muscular dystrophy that addresses the rehabilitation of the speech and respiratory apparatuses through sound vocalization and wind instrument playing

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Musical Speech Stimulation (MUSTIM)

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A neurologic music therapy technique used in apraxia and aphasia rehabilitation that addresses the acquisition of nonpropositional language through the use of familiar tunes; the client fills in the missing word when prompted with space

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Developmental Speech and Language Training Through Music (DSLM)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses the development of general speech and language skills through age-appropriate musical experiences, including singing, chanting, playing musical instruments, and combining music, speech, and movement; often used in group settings

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Symbolic Communication Training Through Music (SYCOM)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that uses improvisational and performance experiences to teach communication behavior, language pragmatics, appropriate speech gestures, and emotional nonverbal communication

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Musical Sensory Orientation Training (MSOT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses sensory stimulation; arousal and recovery of wake states; meaningful responsiveness; orientation to time, place, and person; vigilance; and concentration; exercises may include composing a simple song containing identifying information, playing an instrument at a certain time in a song, watching the therapist play an instrument, etc.; use of preferred and/or familiar music is most effective

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Musical Neglect Training (MNT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses visual neglect through active or receptive musical exercises; instruments are structured in time, tempo, and rhythm and configured in the space appropriately; e.g. playing an instrument bilaterally or listening to sounds from different directions

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Auditory Perception Training (APT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that involves exercises that address the identification and discrimination of the components of sounds, including pitch, duration, tempo, rhythmic patterns, time, timbre, and speech sounds; exercises may include playing from symbolic or graphic notation, using tactile sound transmission, or integrating movement to music

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Musical Attention Control Training (MACT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that improves attention through active or receptive musical exercises in which musical elements cue different musical responses; promotes attending to specific structural elements or form of music

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Musical Mnemonics Training (MMT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that trains the encoding and decoding of information by sequencing nonmusical information in a song, rhyme, or chant

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Associative Mood and Memory Training (AMMT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that links the learning of information to a mood state in order to promote retention

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Musical Executive Function Training (MEFT)

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A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses problem solving, comprehension, organization, decision making, and reasoning skills through improvisation and composition exercises within a social setting

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Geriatrics

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A scientific subspecialty concerned with the care of elderly people and the treatment of their health problems

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Gerontology

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The study of aging, the characteristic behaviors of older adults, and disorders that begin in older adulthood

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Senescence

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The natural degeneration of the body over time

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Ageism

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The discrimination against people based on age; often involves the youth and the elderly

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Dementia

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A condition marked by cognitive impairment and behavioral issues that interfere with activities of daily living and reduce quality of life; symptoms often include inaccessibility of memories, deficits in abstract thinking, problems with judgment, and impaired problem solving skills

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Alzheimer's disease

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A type of dementia that is caused by damaged neuronal proteins and the buildup of plaque in the brain; symptoms include a steady decline in cognition and functioning

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Parkinson's disease

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A degenerative, progressive, chronic condition characterized by damage to central nervous system; symptoms may include tremors, muscular rigidity, slowness and poverty of movement, and postural instability; caused by decreased levels of dopamine to the basal ganglia

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Tardive dyskinesia

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A condition caused by the intake of certain medications over a long period of time; symptoms may include involuntary facial grimaces, rocking, unusual lip and tongue movements, and movement of the arms and legs

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Osteoarthritis

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The inflammation of the joints, cartilage covering, and bone; can affect hands, hips, spine, shoulders, and knees

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Osteoporosis

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The reduction in bone mass, resulting in brittleness and increased risk of fracture

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Atherosclerosis

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Coronary heart disease; the buildup of fibrofatty plaques in the coronary artery, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack

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Arteriosclerosis

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The hardening and thickening of the arteries, which restricts blood flow to the brain and can result in hypertension and possibly lead to mental impairment

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Myocardial infarction (MI)

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Heart attack; the blockage of an artery, decreasing blood supply to the heart and reducing blood pressure

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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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Stroke, apoplexy; results from the lack of oxygen to the brain, causing brain damage; causes include ischemia (blockage of an artery), intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), and brain tumors; severity of stroke depends on a) cause, b) quantity of brain tissue damaged, c) effects after the stroke, d) person's health status prior to the stroke, and e) location of damage in the brain; may result in aphasia, paralysis, or incontinence

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Glaucoma

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A buildup of fluid in the eye, resulting in pressure and possible blindness

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Cataracts

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Clouding of the lens of the eye

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Presbycusis

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A deterioration of the auditory system beginning with higher frequency sounds and progressing to lower frequency sounds

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/disorder (COPD)

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A disorder caused by poor ventilation of the lungs; stress is put on the heart; caused by exposure to air pollutants or tobacco smoke or recurring chronic respiratory infections; symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, and eventual death

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Bronchitis

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The inflammation of the bronchis, causing restricted air flow to the lungs, an increase in mucus production, and coughing

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Gastritis

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The inflammation of the stomach lining

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Ulcers

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Disintegration of the stomach lining, causing abdominal pain, weight loss, and dehydration

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Diverticulitis

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The inflammation of diverticuli, or bulges in the intestines, causing pain, changes in bowel movements, and nausea

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Diabetes

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The insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas, causing an imbalance in blood sugar levels

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Behavioral-emotional disorder

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A disorder in which a person experiences behaviors and/or emotions that are deemed "abnormal" within a given culture, society, or situation; parameters that are considered include frequency, duration, and intensity of the "abnormal" experiences

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DSM-V

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The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published in 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA); systematically organizes and categorizes mental illnesses

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Milieu therapy

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A structured environment providing supportive therapies such as counseling, vocational rehabilitation, and recovery groups

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Schizophrenia

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"Splitting of the mind;" a thought disorder in which a person becomes out of touch with reality; signs include psychosis, isolation, irregular sleep patterns, and changes in appetite; present in 1% of the population; onset age is typically in early 20s; treated with medication (neuroleptics and antipsychotics like Haldol) and psychosocial therapies

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Psychosis

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The experience of being out of touch with reality

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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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Delusions (unshared beliefs that are not reality-based - persecution, grandeur, control, or romance), hallucinations (sensory experiences that are not stimulated by the environment), disorganized thought & speech, and disorganized/catatonic behavior

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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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Blunt/flat affect, avolition (lack of energy, spontaneity, or initiative), anhedonia (lack of interest in pleasurable activities), and attention deficit (difficulty with focusing)

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Mood disorders

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Behavioral-emotional disorders that are characterized by abnormal shifts in mood (episodes); treated with medication and psychotherapy

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Clinical depression

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Dysthymia; a mental illness characterized by a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities and two of the following markers: changes in sleep patterns, guilt, lack of energy, decreased concentration, changes in appetite, psychomotor agitation, suicidal ideation, and helplessness (SIGECAPS-H); symptoms are present two years for adults and one year for children

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Major depression

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A sudden, unexpected, intense loss of interest that has a duration of 1-2 weeks with at least four markers of clinical depression

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Mania

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An emotional state in which a person experiences at least three of the following symptoms: distractibility, decreased interest in activities, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, sleeplessness, or talking excessively (DIGFAST)

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Bipolar disorder

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A mood disorder characterized by a vacillation of depressive and manic episodes; manic episode must last at least 7 days and be characterized by at least three of the markers for mania

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Hypomanic episode

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An episode that lasts four 4 days

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Schizoaffective disorder

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A combination of a mood disorder and schizophrenia

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Paranoid schizophrenia

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A type of schizophrenia in which a person experiences paranoia

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Psychotherapy

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Talk therapy; involves consulting a professional about one's mental illness

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

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A type of psychotherapy that facilitates the cognitive restructuring of thoughts that stimulate anxiety and/or fear to change behaviors

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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A disorder that is caused by hearing, witnessing, or experiencing an extremely traumatic event such as rape, abuse, maltreatment, neglect, war, natural disaster, death, illness, random act of violence, hostage, kidnapping, or car accident; symptoms include nightmares, night terrors, flashbacks, startled response, withdrawal, substance abuse, suicidal ideation or attempt, paranoia, insomnia, violent episodes of rage, or depression

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Panic disorder

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An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences at least four uncued panic attacks within a four-week period; symptoms of panic attacks include sweating, nausea, muscle tension, fainting, nervousness, dizziness, and/or pounding heart

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Seperation trauma/anxiety

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An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences anxiety when separated from a significant person; typically occurs during childhood

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Selective mutism

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A condition in which a person chooses not to speak

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Phobia

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An intense, irrational fear

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Pseudophobia

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An intense, rational fear

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Simple/specific phobia

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An intense, irrational fear of a certain object or situation

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Agoraphobia

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The fear of having a panic attack in public without receiving aid

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Social anxiety disorder

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An anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in social situations

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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An anxiety disorder characterized by nebulous anxiety in all situations

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Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

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A disorder in which a person experiences obsessions (repetitive thoughts) that cause anxiety; he or she engages in compulsions (repetitive behaviors or rituals) to reduce the anxiety

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Body dysmorphia

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An OCD related disorder in which a person is dissatisfied with a body part or his/her entire body

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Hoarding

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An OCD related disorder in which a person keeps large amounts of objects in a living space in order to feel safe

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Trichotillomania

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An OCD related disorder in which a person compulsively pulls his or her hair in order to relieve anxiety

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Excoriation

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An OCD related disorder in which a person compulsively picks at his/her skin in order to relieve anxiety

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Acute PTSD

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An experience of PTSD that lasts less than six months

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Adjustment disorder

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A trauma disorder in which a person has difficulty adjusting to a challenging situation; symptoms may include depression, anxiety, or aggression

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Conduct disorder

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A trauma disorder in which a person expresses aggression against the environment through violence, destruction, deceitfulness, and/or criminal behavior

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Anxiety disorder

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A disorder characterized by a frequent, long-lasting, intense experience of anxiety that impairs functioning and causes distress

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Personality disorder

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A disorder of personality traits that is present since adolescence; at least two of the following markers must be present: cognitive, emotional, interpersonal, or impulsive disturbance; people with this disorder often lack distance; difficult to treat

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Paranoid personality disorder

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An odd/eccentric personality disorder in which a person experiences extreme distrust of others

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Schizoid personality disorder

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An odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by isolation, separation, and social awkwardness; person is more highly functioning

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Schizotypal personality disorder

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An odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by isolation, separation, and social awkwardness; person is more low functioning

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Hysteric personality disorder

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A dramatic personality disorder in which a person is needy and seeks constant attention; commonly experienced by women; dress flamboyantly

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Narcissistic personality disorder

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A dramatic personality disorder in which a person is characterized as arrogant and self-absorbed

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Antisocial personality disorder

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A dramatic personality disorder characterized by a lack of conscience and remorse for criminal behavior; psychopath, sociopath; may be influenced by neurological impairment; lack impulse control

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Borderline personality disorder

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A dramatic personality disorder characterized by a fear of abandonment; the person has attachment issues, is emotionally needy, shows remorse for criminal behavior, and engages in self-injurious behavior like cutting; more likely to seek treatment

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Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

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A fearful personality disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions; person experiences rigid thought patterns; limited distance

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Dependent personality disorder

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A fearful personality disorder characterized by indecisiveness and reliance on other people; commonly experienced by women

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Passive personality disorder

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A fearful personality disorder characterized by social anxiety, blandness, and living in safety

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Tolerance

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Becoming accustomed to a substance and needing more of the substance to achieve the same result

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Alcohol delirium

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A disorder characterized by tremors, cold sweats, and hallucinations that occurs after heavy drinking or withdrawal from alcohol

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Substance abuse

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The chronic use of a substance to alter behavior

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Substance dependence

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The building of tolerance for a substance

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Withdrawal

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The symptoms that occur following the disuse of a substance that one becomes addicted to

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Eclectic approach

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A treatment approach that combines two or more philosophical orientations or models

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Affect

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Relating to mood, feelings, and emotions; the observable aspects of behavior that signals how one is feeling (e.g. facial expression, body posture, tone of voice)

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Conditioning

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A change in behavior resulting from the implementation of behavioral methods; operational & classical

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Observational learning

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Empathic learning that involves watching the behaviors of others and mirroring them

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Irrational thought

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An unrealistic belief or expectation that may trigger stress, anxiety, and/or feelings of inadequacy

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Reality orientation

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A person's perception of person, place, date, time, and other aspects of the environment

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Supportive/activity-oriented/resource-oriented music therapy

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A level of music therapy treatment that focuses on promoting healthy behavior and fostering participation; treatment goals may include improving social interaction and awareness of others, maintaining reality orientation, managing symptoms, participating in a group experience, controlling impulsive behaviors, and using leisure time in a healthy way; activities may include group singing, playing musical instruments, or engaging in musical games; used with clients with a wide range of functional levels and musical abilities

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Reeducative/insight-and-process oriented/issue-oriented music therapy

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A level of music therapy treatment that focuses on processing interpersonal interactions and emotions; treatment goals may include identifying and expressing emotions, problem solving, increasing self-awareness, and facilitating behavioral changes; used with clients who are well oriented to reality and able to communicate with others in a deep way

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Reconstructive/analytically and catharsis-oriented music therapy

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A level of music therapy treatment that focuses on uncovering, reliving, or resolving subconscious conflicts that impede personality development; used with clients who are highly oriented to reality and are motivated to achieve personal change; requires advanced training

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Psychodynamic therapy

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A philosophical orientation of therapy that focuses on exploring a person's unconscious behavioral and emotional patterns in relation to his or her history; rooted in the work of Sigmund Freud

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Hospice

answer

End-of-life care provided to people who have a terminal illness and a six-month prognosis; focuses on providing comfort, preventing suffering, relieving pain, optimizing functioning, and improving quality of life

question

Palliative care

answer

End-of-life care provided to people who have a terminal illness regardless of the prognosis; focuses on providing comfort, preventing suffering, relieving pain, optimizing functioning, and improving quality of life

question

Team-oriented approach

answer

An approach in end-of-life care that incorporates the expertise of a variety of professions, including doctors, nurses, social workers, counselors, therapists, and trained volunteers

question

End-of-life care

answer

Treatment provided to people with terminal illnesses

question

Terminal illness

answer

An incurable illness that ultimately leads to death

question

Neuromuscular disease

answer

A disease that affects muscular movement due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system

question

Bereavement

answer

The process during which a person grieves the death of a loved one

question

Psychosocial

answer

Referring to interrelating aspects of emotional and social functioning

question

Total pain

answer

A term coined by Cicely Saunders to include all of the aspects that influence pain, including emotions, cognition, interpersonal interactions, spirituality, and physicality

question

Assessment tools

answer

Tools used to measure a person's strengths, abilities, and needs; designed based on what is being measured; includes tests, devices, forms, and instruments

question

Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)

answer

An assessment tool that measures a person's experience using a number rating (e.g. On a scale of 1-10, how severe is your pain?)

question

Dyspnea

answer

Shortness of breath

question

Medicare-certified

answer

A medical product or treatment that has been approved by Medicare and is thus covered to the extent that the plan allows

question

Perseverative behavior

answer

Repetitive, stimulative behavior

question

Non pharmacological approach

answer

An approach that minimizes or does not involve medications or drugs

question

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

answer

A terminal, progressive disease of the motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord that eventually leads to muscular paralysis

question

Neurologic music therapy (NMT)

answer

An orientation of music therapy that focuses on the rehabilitation of cognitive, communicative, and physical problems resulting from neurological damage; research-based

question

Rational Scientific Mediating Model (R-SMM)

answer

A model of music perception and production that states that music influences brain and behavior functioning

question

Therapeutic Music Interventions (TMI)

answer

Techniques implemented in therapy that are tailored to the individual client's abilities and needs and address nonmusical treatment goals

question

Aphasia

answer

Impairment of receptive and/or expressive language capabilities

question

Dysarthria

answer

Speech disorder resulting from damage to the neuromuscular systems that control speech production mechanisms

question

Apraxia

answer

Speech disorder that impairs planning and position of speech muscles involved in articulation of words

question

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

answer

An injury to the brain resulting from an accident; causes include closed head injury, penetrating head injury, and stroke; may result in a coma; results in impairment in physical, cognitive, communicative, and/or social and emotional functioning

question

Rhythmic entrainment

answer

The synchronization of a total movement to an auditory stimulus

question

Audio-spinal facilitation

answer

The stimulation of the motor system by sound that is organized in rhythmic patterns

question

Huntington's disease

answer

A rare genetic neurodegenerative disease; deficient glucose levels in the basal ganglia; loss of control of voluntary movements; most noticeable symptom is choreitic movements (involuntary jerking movements involving the whole body)

question

Multiple sclerosis

answer

A chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system caused by demyelination and inflammation in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves, resulting in visual, motor, and sensory impairment

question

Biopsychosocial model

answer

A model of treatment that considers the biological, psychological, and social aspects of the human system; contributes to overall health and wellness and the development of coping skills for recovery from illness

question

Opportunistic diseases

answer

Diseases that are acquired when one's immune system is weakened

question

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

answer

A medical environment in which care and treatment are provided to premature and high-risk infants

question

Gate Control Theory of Pain

answer

The theory that the perception of pain occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and that physical insult to nerve endings throughout the body has the potential to stimulate the opening of neural "gates"

question

Anesthetics

answer

A drug that results in loss of sensation

question

Analgesics

answer

Pain killers

question

Cognitive pain control strategies

answer

Strategies involving the use of thought patterns to manage or reduce the perception of pain

question

Music as a stimulus for active focus or distraction

answer

The use of music for pain management to either draw one's attention toward a positive stimulus or away from an aversive stimulus

question

Music as a cue for relaxation response

answer

The use of music for pain management to reduce muscle tension and increase steady respiration as well as reduce feelings of fear or anxiety

question

Music as a masking agent

answer

The use of music for pain management to cover other noises in the environment

question

Music as an information agent

answer

The use of music for pain management to provide information about the pain involved in a procedure

question

Music as a carrier of information

answer

The use of music for pain management to prepare a person for a painful procedure by providing information about the procedure (doctors involved, when, where, scope of the procedure, etc.)

question

Music as a positive environmental stimulus

answer

The use of music for pain management to provide positive sensory stimulation and promote engagement

question

Normalization

answer

The process of integrating familiar objects, events, and interactions from everyday life in a medical environment

question

Sound waves

answer

Vibrations that travel through gases, liquids, and solids and are processed by the hearing apparatus

question

Frequency

answer

The number of cycles per second that a sound source vibrates; measured in Hertz (Hz)

question

Pitch

answer

The relative highness or lowness of a sound; determined by frequency

question

Outer ear

answer

The section of the hearing apparatus that includes the pinna/auricle (ear lobe) and the external acoustic meatus auditory canal/ear canal); funnels sound waves into the ear

question

Middle ear

answer

The section of the hearing apparatus that includes the tympanic membrane (ear drum), the ossicles (malleus, incus, & stapes), oval window, and round window; transmits the mechanical energy of sound waves

question

Inner ear

answer

The section of the hearing apparatus that includes the cochlea; converts sound waves into electrochemical signals that are sent via the auditory nerve to the brain

question

Conductive hearing loss

answer

A type of hearing loss that results from disease, malformation, or obstruction in the outer or middle ear; impairs hearing acuity across a wide range of frequencies; can be remedied with surgery and/or hearing aids

question

Sensorineural hearing loss

answer

A type of hearing loss that results from damage to or absence of cilia in the basilar membrane of the cochlea; may be caused by infections, extended exposure to extremely loud sounds, or congenital conditions; typically impairs hearing acuity for higher frequencies and distorts sounds; can be treated with hearing aids or cochlear implants

question

Mixed hearing loss

answer

A type of hearing loss that combines conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss in one ear

question

Central hearing loss

answer

A type of hearing loss that results from damage or impairment to the central nervous system; impairs interpretation of sound signals

question

Severity

answer

The degree of an issue

question

Residual hearing

answer

Usable hearing

question

Unilateral

answer

On one side

question

Bilateral

answer

On both sides

question

Age of onset

answer

The age at which a health issue arises

question

Prelingual

answer

Acquired before the development of speech and language skills (0-2 years)

question

Perilingual

answer

Acquired during the development of speech and language (2-4 years)

question

Postlingual

answer

Acquired after the development of speech and language (4+ years)

question

Acute

answer

A serious immediate condition

question

Hearing aids

answer

Devices that amplify incoming sound waves and are worn within the external acoustic meatus; used to treat slight to moderate conductive hearing losses

question

Audiologist

answer

A professional who tests hearing and provides recommendations for treatment

question

Cochlear implant (CI)

answer

A device that is surgically installed within a person's inner ear and converts incoming sound waves into electrical signals that stimulate the auditory nerve; used to treat severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss

question

Oral communication system

answer

A communication system that includes speech, speechreading (lipreading), and careful listening; rely entirely on residual hearing

question

Manual approach to communication

answer

A communication system that involves signs, fingerspelling, and/or sign languages

question

Fingerspelling

answer

The use of hand shapes to represent individual letters of an alphabet; when used exclusively, it is referred to as the Rochester method

question

American Sign Language (ASL)

answer

A language that makes use of signs, fingerspelling, facial expressions, and body language to communicate thoughts, emotions, and ideas; has its own syntax

question

English-based sign systems

answer

Manual communication that creates the visual equivalents of spoken words through manual symbols; Signed English or Signing Exact English

question

Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE)

answer

The use of signs based on meaning and in English-word order

question

Simultaneous Communication (SimCom)

answer

The combined use of speech, signs, and fingerspelling; manual form of communication is often one of the English sign systems or CASE, not ASL

question

Cued speech

answer

The use of signs to assist children in clarifying English speechreading

question

Total Communication (TC)

answer

The use of any or all communication methods (manual and oral)

question

Hearing impairment

answer

A term that refers to all hearing losses regardless of type, classification, or onset; often used in regulatory language; may be considered offensive to some people

question

Hard-of-hearing

answer

Describes a person who uses residual hearing and communicates with speech primarily

question

deaf

answer

Describes a person who has severe to profound hearing loss and cannot use residual hearing functionally

question

Deaf

answer

Describes a person who has severe to profound hearing loss and identifies with Deaf culture

question

Deaf culture

answer

A community of people who share the same values, beliefs, experiences, and practices regarding deafness; may include hearing people who are children or close friends of Deaf individuals; native language is American Sign Language (ASL)

question

Incidental language learning

answer

The learning of language through exposure to adults who utilize the language competently

question

Assistive hearing device

answer

A device used to replace doorbells, alarms, etc. as an accommodation for hearing loss in order to improve an individual's perception of sound

question

Language pragmatics

answer

Rules governing the use of language within a social context

question

Residual vision

answer

Vision that is accessible to a person with low vision or blindness

question

Visual acuity

answer

The extent to which a person can see

question

Blindness

answer

Without vision; a visual acuity of 20/200 or greater in the better eye after correction or 20/200 or less in the better eye without correction

question

Low vision

answer

With partial sight; able to read print and may depend on optical aids to enlarge the print

question

Legally blind

answer

20/200 vision; receives no useful input through vision; uses tactile and auditory senses to acquire knowledge of the environment

question

Functionally blind

answer

Uses Braille for reading and writing; may use functional vision for everyday tasks

question

Tunnel vision

answer

The ability to see objects within an area of only twenty degrees or less

question

Poor central vision

answer

Able to use only peripheral vision

question

Visual efficiency

answer

The efficiency in using residual vision

question

Functional vision

answer

The use of residual vision to complete daily tasks

question

Brown v. Board of Education

answer

A landmark civil rights case that took place in 1954; determined that separate education did not provide equal education

question

Zero reject

answer

In IDEA, the principle that no student should be turned away from receiving FAE, regardless of the severity of one's disability

question

Nondiscriminatory evaluation

answer

In IDEA, the principle that non biased tools must be used to determine whether or not a student's disability negatively impacts his or her education

question

Free and appropriate education (FAE)

answer

In IDEA, the principle that all children are entitled to public education regardless of disability; for students with disabilities, individualized education plans must be established (Individual Family Service Plan for children 0-2 and Individualized Education Plan for children 3-21)

question

Procedural due process

answer

In IDEA, the principle that parents may challenge a decision made by schools

question

Parent and student participation

answer

In IDEA, the principle that parents and students may participate in the development, implementation, and decision-making process related to education services and placements

question

Related services

answer

Services offered to students that are not typically needed for a student to make progress on educational goals; includes physical therapy, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and music therapy

question

Full inclusion model

answer

In special education, the model in which students with disabilities are educated in the regular education classroom 100% of the time with support and adaptations

question

Mainstreaming or inclusion model

answer

In special education, the model in which students with disabilities are educated in some general education classes in the regular education classroom and in other classes in a special education classroom

question

Social mainstreaming model

answer

In special education, the model in which students with disabilities join same-aged peers for social interaction opportunities

question

Self-contained classroom model

answer

In special education, the model in which students with disabilities are educated in a special education classroom 100% of the time

question

Separate school or residential school model

answer

In special education, the model in which students with disabilities are educated in a separate school setting

question

Adaptive strategies

answer

In special education, the modification of education for students with disabilities to promote opportunities for successful learning; may include modifying instruction, students' responses, expectations and outcomes, the environment, time to complete task, amount of time participating, difficulty of the material, amount of the material, curriculum, and level of support

question

Collaboration

answer

A professional relationship among service providers, parents, and students that is centered around the common purpose of providing excellent educational opportunities and meeting students' needs

question

Consultation

answer

A professional service offered to other disciplines to provide different perspectives to aid in problem solving

question

Classroom management

answer

The ability to create and sustain an educational environment conducive to learning; strategies include using humor, providing clear directions and expectations, reinforcing positive behavior rather than punishing negative behavior, having a positive attitude, providing an appropriate and motivating curriculum, pacing the session, providing structure and routine, following through with predetermined consequences, tolerating selected behaviors, using proximity control, using planned ignoring, using nonverbal signals to interrupt problematic behaviors, prioritizing problematic behaviors, and removing a misbehaving student from a situation

question

Initial assessment

answer

An assessment conducted prior to the beginning of treatment in order to gather information used to formulate treatment goals and objectives

question

Comprehensive assessment

answer

An assessment conducted if music therapy is the only service provided to a client

question

Ongoing assessment

answer

The process of gathering information throughout the therapeutic process

question

Assessment

answer

The systematic process of gathering information about a client in order to determine present strengths, challenges, and needs; areas of information gathered include medical, physical, cognitive, communicative, affective/emotional, interpersonal, vocational/educational, leisure, spiritual/religious, familial, and musical (history, preferences, responses)

question

Multidisciplinary team

answer

A team that includes professionals who address treatment goals and objectives related to their disciplines

question

Interdisciplinary team

answer

A team that includes professionals who address several treatment goals and objectives and collaborates with team members to develop the goals and objectives

question

Transdisciplinary team

answer

A team that includes professionals who collaborate with each other to address treatment goals and objectives

question

Ethics

answer

A category of philosophy that explores how people should treat themselves and others; morality and laws

question

Confidentiality

answer

The practice of ensuring the privacy of a client's involvement in treatment

question

Dual relationships

answer

Multiple relationships with a client, such as boyfriend/girlfriend, friend, business partner, etc.; must be avoided

question

Scope of practice

answer

The skills and procedures required for a professional to practice competently

question

Informed consent

answer

The process of informing a person of his or her rights and responsibilities in clinical or research practices

question

Multiculturalism

answer

The consideration and respect of multiple cultures within a community

question

Approach

answer

A means of accomplishing a goal

question

Model

answer

A generalized, hypothetical way of explaining how something works; a comprehensive approach to assessment, treatment, and evaluation which includes theoretical principles, clinical implications and contraindications, goals, methodological guidelines and specifications, and the use of procedural sequences and techniques

question

Theory

answer

A hypothetical formulation of philosophical ideas that is intended to be analyzed

question

Philosophy

answer

Love of wisdom; the study of the underlying principles that govern the nature of the universe, conduct, thought, knowledge, etc.

question

Method

answer

An orderly approach that involves a procedure, mode, or process

question

Self-actualization

answer

According to Abraham Maslow, the process of becoming the best version of oneself

question

Orff-Schulwerk approach

answer

A music education approach created by Carl Orff (1895-1982) in the 1920s; founded on the principle of elemental music, or a multisensory approach that involves hearing music before learning to read or write music; movement to music and music making with the voice and percussion or melodic instruments such as the recorder, xylophone, glockenspiel, and metallaphone are incorporated; emphasizes creative experience, natural abilities and sounds, the pentatonic scale, and ostinati patterns

question

Eurhythmics approach

answer

A music education approach created by Emile-Henri Jacques-Dalcroze (1865-1950) during the early 20th century; founded on the principle of using movement to teach rhythm, structure, and musical expression; movement to music, singing, improvisation, reading and writing musical notation, and playing instruments are incorporated

question

Kodaly approach

answer

A music education approach created by Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967) in the 1940s; focused on first teaching a person singing before playing instruments in order to introduce foundations of music; singing, solfege, improvisation using the pentatonic scale, and reading and writing musical notation are incorporated

question

Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy

answer

A music therapy approach created by Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins beginning 1959; each person has a "music child" and can achieve self-actualization through improvisation and active music making

question

Humanistic

answer

A philosophical approach in psychology that holistically considers human experience; the highest need of a human being is to achieve self-actualization

question

Transpersonal

answer

A philosophical approach in psychology that suggests that a person can go beyond himself or herself to achieve personal growth

question

Self-awareness

answer

The process of recognizing and acknowledging one's inner experiences (thoughts, emotions, sensations, etc.) in response to internal or external stimuli

question

Imagery

answer

Internal thoughts, emotions, visualizations, sensations, etc.

question

Behavioral therapy

answer

A psychological philosophy that focuses on the development of maladaptive behavioral patterns and how they can be changed through specific interventions

question

Classical conditioning

answer

An unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response, and when the unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, which then becomes a conditioned stimulus, a conditioned response results; e.g. using hand clapping to signal silence in a classroom

question

Operant conditioning

answer

The use of positive or negative reinforcement or punishment to change behavior

question

Positive reinforcement

answer

A positive stimulus is presented in order to increase a positive behavior

question

Negative reinforcement

answer

Encouraging positive behavior by removing a negative experience

question

Punishment

answer

Discouraging negative behavior by offering a negative consequence

question

Empirical methods

answer

Quantifying observable and measurable behaviors

question

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

answer

A form of behavioral therapy used to change behavioral patterns; often used in school settings

question

Extinction

answer

The removal of negative behaviors

question

Token economies

answer

A system in which a person is rewarded a token for positive behavior, and a certain number of tokens can be exchanged for a positive reward

question

Shaping

answer

A technique for developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

question

Autogenic/progressive relaxation

answer

A behavioral technique used to relax the muscles, improve the flow of oxygen within the body, and reduce anxiety and fear; often paired with music and/or verbal guiding interventions

question

Psychoneuroimmunology

answer

The study of the relationships among the mind, brain, and immune system

question

Integrative approach

answer

A therapeutic approach that draws from several methods, theories, philosophies, and models in order to best meet the therapeutic needs of clients

question

Research

answer

The process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in a reliable, orderly way in order to answer a specific question and produce new knowledge

question

Descriptive research

answer

Research intended to describe a state of something as it is

question

Quantitative research

answer

Research that involves the collection of numerical information; seeks to determine an objective truth or fact

question

Generalization

answer

The ability to transfer or apply responses to a different set of stimuli, a new setting, or another behavior; in research, the applicability to other members of the entire population studied

question

Experimental research

answer

Quantitative research conducted to determine the effects of independent variables on specific situations; conducted within a controlled environment

question

Variable

answer

A factor that influences a specific outcome; independent & dependent

question

Hypothesis

answer

A statement that predicts the results of an experiment based on preexisting knowledge

question

Cost-benefit ratios

answer

Comparisons of the costs and benefits of an intervention to determine its effectiveness

question

Random assignment

answer

A procedure conducted within experimental research in order to minimize bias and confounding variables

question

Hemiplegia

answer

Paralyzed on either the left or right side of the body

question

Mean

answer

The average of a set of data points

question

Range

answer

The difference between the largest data point and the smallest data point

question

Pretest

answer

Testing conducted before an experiment or prior to a therapeutic intervention

question

Posttest

answer

Testing conducted after an experiment or following a therapeutic intervention; compared with pretest results

question

Experimental blindness

answer

A tester involved in a research study who is not aware of the interventions or research questions being studied; minimizes bias

question

Historical research

answer

Research that studies the past in order to make connections with the present

question

Qualitative research

answer

Research that involves collecting various perspectives in order to achieve a deeper understanding of an experience; sometimes referred to as naturalistic research

question

Ontology

answer

A worldview

question

Protocols

answer

Steps or approaches

question

Client-centered

answer

In therapy, encouraging the client to direct the therapeutic experience and make decisions about treatment

question

Methodological integrity

answer

According to Kenneth Bruscia, qualitative research must include methods that are appropriate and congruent with the research question(s) being answered

question

Personal integrity

answer

According to Kenneth Bruscia, qualitative research must be conducted by a researcher who is present and honest

question

Interpersonal integrity

answer

According to Kenneth Bruscia, qualitative researcher must incorporate the ideas of the researcher(s) and the participant(s) in a distinctive way, and the impact of the beliefs of the researcher(s) must be considered

question

Aesthetic integrity

answer

According to Kenneth Bruscia, qualitative research must be conducted in a creative way to produce meaningful outcomes

question

Acquired hearing loss

answer

A hearing loss that develops after birth

question

Adaptive behavior

answer

Behavior that changes to fit the demands of a situation

question

Aesthetic enjoyment

answer

The appreciation of the beauty or importance of a creative work (art, music, drama, dance, literature, poetry, etc.) without necessarily being entertained

question

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)

answer

Formerly the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR); a professional organization comprised of professionals who work with and/or support people with intellectual or developmental disabilities

question

Arthritis

answer

The inflammation or deterioration of the joints

question

Auditory nerve

answer

Nerve fibers that carry electrochemical signals from the cochlea to the temporal lobes of the brain, which interpret the signals as sounds

question

Authentic

answer

Referring to historical research that is based on sound evidence rather than speculation

question

Autism

answer

A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairments in speech and language, sensory processing, behavior, and interpersonal interaction; on a spectrum of disorders

question

Basilar membrane

answer

The lining inside the cochlea that consists of thousands of cilia that convert sound waves into electrochemical signals that travel through the auditory nerve to the brain for processing

question

Bilingual-Bicultural approach to language learning

answer

A method in which a Deaf child is taught ASL as his/her primary language and English as his/her secondary language in order to communicate in both the Deaf and hearing communities

question

Cadence

answer

In gait training, the rhythmicity of a person's steps

question

Catatonic behavior

answer

Remaining in the same position for long periods of time without moving

question

Cilia

answer

Hair cells in the basilar membrane of the cochlea that covert sound waves into electrochemical energy

question

Cochlea

answer

A small, snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that is responsible for converting the mechanical energy of sound into electrochemical energy

question

Cognitive behavior modification

answer

A behavior modification technique that involves self-reinforcement and self-evaluation

question

Compression

answer

An increase in density of air molecules

question

Compulsions

answer

Urges to act upon obsessions in order to relieve anxiety; repetitive, ritualistic behaviors

question

Configuration of hearing loss

answer

The extent of hearing loss at each frequency and the overall prospect of hearing that is created

question

Degree of hearing loss

answer

The severity of hearing loss; mild, moderate, severe, or profound

question

Delusions

answer

Unshared beliefs that lack evidence in reality

question

Developmental disability

answer

A chronic condition that begins before the age of 18 and progressively worsens over time; includes intellectual disabilities; autism spectrum disorders; and sensory, motor, physical, or cognitive impairments; results in substantial functional limitations in three or more areas of the following life activities: self-care, learning, mobility, self-direction, economic sufficiency, receptive and expressive language, and capacity for independent living

question

Direct instruction

answer

A teaching method that involves the use of lecture or demonstration rather than hands-on learning or group discussion

question

Disorganized speech

answer

Incoherent or illogical speech

question

Divided attention

answer

Attention on two or more stimuli at the same time

question

Dyspraxia

answer

A speech impairment resulting from an inability to plan and position the muscles involved in word articulation

question

Ear canal

answer

Auditory canal/external acoustic meatus; the part of the outer ear that funnels in sound waves from the external environment

question

Early intervention program

answer

A special education program implemented under IDEA that serves children with special needs under the age of three

question

Electrochemical energy

answer

Energy controlled by chemical changes resulting from an electrical current; e.g. neural signals in the brain

question

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

answer

A therapy involving the discharge of electricity into the brain; used as a last resort to treat severe depression

question

Emergent

answer

A research design in which the steps of research unfold organically as the research is carried out

question

Entertainment

answer

The use of music for enjoyment in order to amuse or divert from everyday cares

question

Episodes

answer

In a behavioral-emotional disorder, discrete periods of time during which a person experiences symptoms that reflected a marked change from previous functioning; e.g. becoming manic after being depressed for two months

question

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

answer

An assessment tool used to measure eye movement, motor response to stimuli, and verbal response in a person with a coma

question

Grossly disorganized behavior

answer

Dysfunctional behavior that causes distress over a significant period of time

question

Hallucinations

answer

Unshared sensory experiences that are not stimulated in reality

question

Harmonics

answer

Overtones that occur in periodic patterns

question

Hertz (Hz)

answer

A measure of sound frequency; 440 Hz = A above middle C

question

Individual Family Service Program (IFSP)

answer

An individualized treatment program for a child under the age of three who qualifies for Early Intervention under IDEA

question

Leo Kanner

answer

A psychiatrist who identified autism as a distinct developmental disorder in the 1940s

question

Locomotion

answer

The act of moving from place to place

question

Mechanical energy

answer

Energy controlled by physical forces

question

Mental retardation

answer

A term that was a precursor to the term intellectual disability

question

Mobility

answer

Movement from a present position to a desired location in space; locomotion

question

Neuropsychologist

answer

A professional who studies psychology from a neurological perspective; believes that psychological functioning results from the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system

question

Obsessions

answer

Intrusive, persistent thoughts that trigger anxiety; e.g. "The germs are going to kill my baby."

question

Onset of hearing loss

answer

The age at which a hearing loss develops

question

Ossicles

answer

Three small bones in the middle ear that transmit the mechanical energy of sound to the inner ear; malleus, incus, and stapes

question

Overtones

answer

Harmonics; frequencies that sound above the fundamental tone of a pitch

question

Perceptual processing

answer

Organizing or interpreting sensations

question

Orientation

answer

The ability to establish one's position in relation to person, place, time, and date

question

Periodic

answer

The regular repetition of compression and rarefaction in sound waves

question

Phenomenological research

answer

The examination of the human experience from the subjective perspectives of the participants in the research study in order to develop patterns of meaning

question

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

answer

A genetic metabolic disorder that causes severe brain damage; results from the inability to break down phenylalanine

question

Pinna

answer

Auricle; the outer portion of the ear the funnels sound waves into the ear canal

question

Rank order

answer

An organization of data points hierarchically

question

Rarefaction

answer

A decrease in density of air molecules

question

Severity of hearing loss

answer

The extent to which hearing is lost and the range of communication difficulties that result

question

Shifting attention

answer

The alternation of attention from one stimulus to another

question

Significant difference

answer

In quantitative research, the claim that the difference between two results is less likely to happen by chance; the difference will happen by chance no more than 5% of the time

question

Rochester method

answer

A method of manual communication that involves only fingerspelling and speech sounds

question

Sensory processing

answer

The ability to organize and interpret sensations

question

Social Communication Training

answer

Activities and exercises used to improve a person's social pragmatics and interpersonal skills

question

Social stories

answer

Narrative tools used to teach individuals with autism how to respond within a social situation

question

Sound comprehension

answer

The ability to understand and describe a sound

question

Sound detection

answer

The ability to distinguish between sound and silence; auditory awareness

question

Storage

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The retaining of information in the form of memories following adequate rehearsal

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Stride length

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The distance a person travels with each step

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Sustained attention

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The ability to attend to a stimulus for a given period of time

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Symmetry

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The similarity of a person's left and right steps in gait training

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Tactile defensiveness

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Oversensitivity to touch

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Sound discrimination

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The ability to determine whether or not two sounds are the same or different; auditory discrimination

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Transformational Design Model (TDM)

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A framework of music therapy treatment that involves 1) assessing the client, 2) determining treatment goals and objectives, 3) determining functional nonmusical activities, 4) converting those activities into musical interventions, and 5) generalizing training into real-life situations

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Tympanic membrane

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Ear drum; a thin membrane at the end of the ear canal that vibrates in response to sound waves and augments the sound waves, which are then transferred to the ossicles

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Velocity

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The speed at which a person walks; the number of steps taken within a given period of time

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Vibrotactile aid

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A mechanism used with people who are deaf or hard of hearing to sense and interpret the vibrations of sounds through the sense of touch

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Attention deficit disorder

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A pervasive disorder characterized by attention difficulties, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness; onset often occurs before age seven

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Auditory memory

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The ability to retain and recall a sound that is heard

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Auditory-motor match

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The process of auditory awareness leading to movement in response to the sound stimulus; related to rhythmic entrainment

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Communication disorder

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A disorder impairing the transfer of thoughts or ideas through speech, written word, and/or nonverbal means

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Disruptive behavior disorder

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A type of conduct disorder characterized by oppositional and defiant behavior which does not meet the criteria for other conduct disorders

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Fine motor dexterity

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The coordination of small muscles

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Forensic psychiatry

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The branch of psychiatry devoted to legal problems and infractions of the law, primarily criminal

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Hyperactivity

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A behavior characterized by increased or excessive muscle activity; a symptom of ADHD

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Juvenile offenders

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Children or adolescents who have committed criminal offenses

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Learning disorder

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A disorder characterized by an impairment in information processing; often caused by damage to the brain or perceptual-motor deficiencies

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Motor skills disorder

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A deficit in muscular coordination that is diagnosed in childhood

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Multiply handicapped

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A condition involving two or more physical or sensory impairments

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Oppositional defiant disorder

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A condition characterized by consistent hostile or negative behavior, resulting in dysfunction

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Physical challenges/impairment

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A broad term for any condition of the body that causes dysfunction

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Physical therapy/physiotherapy

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A rehabilitative treatment of physical impairment that may involve hydrotherapy, heat, massage, and/or exercise

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Pitch-matching

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The imitation of a tone

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Sensory impairment

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A condition that limits contact with the environment through the senses (hearing, sight, touch, taste, smell, kinesthesia)

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Williams syndrome

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A neurobehavioral congenital disorder characterized by delayed motor development, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and impairment in visual and spacial functioning; often display hyperacusis, responsiveness to music, and social and verbal fluency

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Accountability

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The process by which one is responsible, credible, and answerable for obligations to a set of constituencies

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Data-based model

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An approach of gathering objective information to measure progress; occurs through experimentation or direct observation

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Dysphoric

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An emotion characterized by dejection, misery, and underestimation of self

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Empathy

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The ability to recognize and identify emotions in oneself and in others, assume the perspective of another, and help another compassionately

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Goal

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A statement of purpose or direction for therapy; an expected outcome; can be long-term or short-term; stated in broad terms

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Objective

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A measurable, observable step toward a therapeutic goal; can be short-term or long-term; stated in specific terms; may include the conditions under which the expected outcome will occur

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Insight

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The self-awareness and knowledge of personal strengths and issues

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Target behavior

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A behavior or set of behaviors that can be measured; attained by working toward therapeutic goals and objectives

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Termination

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The process of ending the therapeutic relationship between a client and therapist and discontinuing music therapy services; includes comprehensive review of treatment and recommendations for future treatment

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Auditory learners

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Individuals who learn more effectively through listening

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Fibromyalgia

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Myofascial pain syndrome; a nonarticular rheumatic disorder characterized by pain, stiffness, and extreme tenderness in the muscles

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Hyperacusis

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An extreme sensitivity to sound and an ability to make fine auditory discriminations

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Contract

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A mutually agreed upon set of expectations, rules, and policies that both the therapist and client are obligated to follow

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Metaphor

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In therapy, the concept that behaviors demonstrated in the music therapy environment are generalized to other contexts in daily life

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Rapport

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Closeness or trust that is developed beginning at the first therapy session

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Reinforcement value

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The degree to which an activity or material is likely to reinforce a behavior

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Contract

answer

A mutually agreed upon set of expectations, rules, and policies that both the therapist and client are obligated to follow

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Metaphor

answer

In therapy, the concept that behaviors demonstrated in the music therapy environment are generalized to other contexts in daily life

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Rapport

answer

Closeness or trust that is developed beginning at the first therapy session

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Reinforcement value

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The degree to which an activity or material is likely to reinforce a behavior

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Perceptual-motor

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The organization and interpretation of a stimulus and its motor response

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Reliability (test-retest)

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The consistency of a test or observation and its ability to be generalized

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Sensory-motor

answer

The combination or processing of a sensory stimulus and a motor response

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Validity

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The degree to which a test or observation measures what it intends to measure

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Inter-observer agreement

answer

A measure of reliability that states that two or more observers witnessed the same behavior or event

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Response definition

answer

A behavioral description of a target behavior that includes a concise descriptive term, boundaries or limits for behaviors, observational strategies, and examples of borderline responses

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Terminal objective

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The final objective that leads to the completion of a goal

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Anecdotal record

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A detailed description of a behavior and events that are observed

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Antecedents (antecedent stimuli)

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Events that occur prior to a given behavior that may influence the behavior

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Baseline

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A behavior that occurs without the influence of a therapeutic intervention

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Consequences

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Events that occur after a given behavior that may influence the reoccurrence of the behavior

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Duration recording

answer

An observational method that involves noting the amount of time that a behavior occurs

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Frequency count

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An observational method that involves noting the number of times that a behavior occurs

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Interval time-sampling

answer

An observational method that involves noting whether or not a behavior occurs within a given period of time

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Planned Activity Check (Pla-Check)

answer

An observational method used in a group setting that involves noting the number of group participants who are engaging in a target behavior by the end of a predetermined observational period

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Reliability coefficient

answer

Used to determine inter-observer agreement; the number of agreements between two observers divided by the summation of the agreements and disagreements between two observers times 100%

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Cue (stimulus, prompt)

answer

An event that is presented to stimulate a behavior or event

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Discriminative stimulus

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A cue that stimulates a response that only occurs when said cue is presented

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Fading

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The gradual removal of cues in order to maintain the behavior on its own

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Group contingencies

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A consequence provided to an entire group of people when one or more members of the group engage in a specific behavior; e.g. the whole class stays in for recess when Johnny and Tammy distract the class from the lesson on numerous occasions

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Insight therapy

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A type of therapy that seeks to develop an awareness of causes or motivation for behavior in order to develop increased control over the behavior and improve one's condition

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Negative punishment

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Removing a positive stimulus in order to reduce maladaptive behavior

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Paired-associate

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The presentation of one word as a stimulus for the recall of a second word

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Psychiatric musicology

answer

A music therapy approach that seeks to increase understanding of interpersonal relationships through music

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Rational emotive therapy

answer

An orientation of psychotherapy developed by Albert Elis which proposes that one's thought patterns lead to emotional patterns; seeks to confront thought patterns and change them to solve problems

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Schedule of reinforcement

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The frequency with which stimuli are presented to increase or decrease behavior; may be fixed or variable, based on interval or ratio criteria

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Successive approximations

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Behaviors which gradually resemble the target behavior or terminal objective; developed through shaping

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Transactional analysis

answer

An orientation of psychotherapy proposed by Eric Berne which exams interactions in terms of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding patterns of behavior

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Baseline-treatment design

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A design of treatment in which a client's baseline behaviors are assessed without music therapy intervention before treatment is initiated

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Case studies

answer

A design of treatment involving an individual client or a single group to determine the effectiveness of music therapy treatment over time

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Experimental group design

answer

A design of treatment that involves controlling environmental and treatment conditions in order to determine whether or not music therapy treatment causes behavioral changes

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Hierarchy of objectives

answer

A list of objectives that are to be met sequentially based on developmental, task, or social steps in order to lead to the terminal objective

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Matched pairs design (correlated or equivalent groups)

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An experimental group design in which each group participates in the experimental group and control group followed by a comparison of the performances

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Multiple baseline design

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A single subject, applied behavior analysis design in which a treatment is added successively to two or more subjects, behaviors, settings, or other similar units while other conditions are held constant

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Pretest-postest design

answer

A treatment design which measures behavioral responses before and after treatment

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Random group design (randomized subjects)

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An experimental group design in which subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups in order to control conditions

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Repeated measures design

answer

An experimental group design in which subjects are observed repeatedly under different treatment or no treatment conditions

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Reversal design (ABAB design)

answer

A single subject, applied behavioral analysis design in which behavior is first observed without treatment, when treatment begins, when treatment is removed, and when treatment is continued

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Single subject, applied behavior analysis design

answer

A research design that assesses the effect of treatment on one client or a group of clients over time

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Task analysis

answer

A detailed breakdown of the behaviors involved in a single task listed in order of occurrence

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Transference

answer

The client's projection of thoughts, emotions, ideas, or desires about others onto the therapist; e.g. TN stated that his music therapy intern was his sister.

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Countertransference

answer

The therapist's projection of thoughts, emotions, ideas, or desires about others onto the client; e.g. A reminds me of my father.

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Secondary gains

answer

"Side effects," or other results of music therapy treatment other than the accomplishment of the terminal objective(s)

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Treatment plan

answer

A program of therapeutic or educational intervention which focuses on the needs and strengths of the individual client; includes target behavior(s), response definition(s), goal(s), objectives, procedures, and methods for evaluation and generalization techniques

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Screening

answer

The process of determining whether or not a client should receive music therapy services

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Appropriate norms

answer

Standardized tests whose interpretations are based on data derived from normally functioning populations

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Criterion-referenced assessment

answer

An assessment designed with the client's level of functioning in mind

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Evaluation

answer

The process of determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions thus far; the treatment plan may be modified in response to evaluation results

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Safety

answer

Avoidance of harm through structuring care processes, supplies, equipment, and the environment to reduce or eliminate injuries, infections, and care errors

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Best professional judgment

answer

The use of knowledge from the field of music therapy and other related fields in order to make educated decisions regarding the provision of music therapy treatment

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Advanced level of practice

answer

The application of process-oriented or outcome-oriented music therapy methods to address a broad spectrum of client needs from a professional music therapist who demonstrates an in-depth knowledge, understanding, and application of theories, research, treatment, musicianship, clinical skills, and personal awareness

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Advanced training

answer

The learning of a comprehensive approach to music therapy intended for broad and in-depth clinical education; the training takes place over an extended period of time and includes opportunities for didactic instruction and extensive, supervised clinical application; the master's degree is typically required as a prerequisite or co-requisite

question

Comprehensive

answer

Thorough and complete

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Construct

answer

A working hypothesis or concept

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Dynamics

answer

Forces that interplay within the mind as a manifestation of purposeful intentions working concurrently or in mutual opposition; include the patterns of actions and reactions within the music, therapist, and client triangle and within groups

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Experience

answer

A client's engagement with music; can be recreative, improvisational, composition, or receptive

question

Knowledge

answer

Facts or ideas acquired through observation, study, investigation, or experience

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Musical responses

answer

The musical actions or reactions of a client in response to internal or external stimuli and the physiological, affective, motor, cognitive, or communicative responses to musical stimuli

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Primary therapist

answer

The clinician who conducts the most important therapeutic work

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Process

answer

A sequence of conscious and unconscious events that leads to change within the music, therapist, and client triangle

question

Supervision

answer

The process of seeking support from another health care professional, whether a music therapist or non-music therapist, in order to further one's growth as a music therapist

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Technique

answer

A single intervention that leads to an immediate response from a client or shapes the ongoing, immediate experience of the client

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Understanding

answer

Knowledge of something and its applications

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Creative movement

answer

Movement that is produced freely without the necessity of following a provided beat

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Synchronized movement

answer

Movement that is produced to follow a provided beat

question

Individualized Program Plan (IPP)

answer

An individualized treatment plan for adults with disabilities

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Behavior disorder

answer

A difficulty or problem with a person's attitude or behavior that negatively impacts his or her functioning abilities

question

Baseline task

answer

An activity that a client can complete easily

question

Prompted task

answer

An activity that requires focus and additional support or cuing from the therapist

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Independent task

answer

An activity that the client is instructed to engage in independently without prompting from the therapist

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Collaborative task

answer

An activity during which the client works with the therapist and/or peers

question

Functional analysis

answer

The process of gathering and interpreting information regarding the antecedents and consequences that affect a given behavior; should be conducted in the environment in which the behavior typically occurs

question

Independent variable

answer

In an experimental design, the variable that is manipulated to affect the dependent variable

question

Dependent variable

answer

In an experimental design, the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

question

Clinical

answer

Attention to a client's condition(s) and problematic experience(s); describes therapy that is scientifically based

question

Clinical improvisation

answer

A music therapy intervention during which the client(s) and the therapist extemporaneously make music; the improvised music often reflects aspects of the client(s)' personality at a conscious or unconscious level

question

Evidence Based Practice

answer

A standard for health care practice that requires therapeutic interventions to be founded on scientific research and characterized as valid and reliable

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Behavioral music therapy

answer

The use of music by a music therapist as reinforcement or punishment to modify or increase positive behavior and reduce or eliminate negative behavior

question

Psychotherapeutic music therapy

answer

The use of music by a music therapist to help clients increase their awareness and understanding of thoughts, emotions, attitudes, issues, and relationships

question

Educational music therapy

answer

The use of music by a music therapist to help students reach their educational goals and objectives

question

Auxiliary level of music therapy

answer

The implementation of music therapy techniques by non-music therapists

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Augmentative level of music therapy

answer

The implementation of music therapy techniques to enhance a therapeutic plan

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Intensive level of music therapy

answer

The implementation of music therapy techniques as an independent and significant form of treatment

question

Primary level of music therapy

answer

The implementation of music therapy techniques as a primary form of treatment

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