Music appreciation part 3 – Flashcards

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virtuosity
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expert or highly skilled excellence
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opera
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a large-scale music drama that combines poetry, scenery, and costumes with singing & instrumental music; in baroque period they were smaller and less emotional than they are today; includes orchestral overture, solo arias, recitatives, & ensemble numbers, including choruses
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figured bass
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-notation -baroque practice consisting of an independent bass line that often includes numerals indicating the harmony to be supplied by the performer -improvised base with a base pattern; same as basso continuo
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aria
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songs in opera
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oratorio
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large-scale dramatic genre with a sacred text performed by solo voices, chorus, an orchestra, not staged or costumed; similar to opera; originally for the catholic church
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recitative
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quasi-speech in opera, reciting with musical context
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ostinato
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not just repeated once or twice, whole song
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suite
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collection of dances
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dance types
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German allemande, French courante, Spanish sarabande, English jig; also: minuet, gavotte, lively bourreo, passepied, or jaunty hornpipe
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binary
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(A-A-B-B); themes do not reoccur
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ternary
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(A-B-A)
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concerto
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genre that generally featured either a solo instrument or a small group of soloists set against a large ensemble
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concerto grosso
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not a soloist but a bigger small group of solo instruments against an orchestra
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ritornello form
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Italian name for refrain; theme that always referred to & comes back often; first and last movements of concertos tended to follow this refrain based structure
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program music
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pictoral images
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3 B's
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Bach, Beethovan, Brahms
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Tocatta & Fugue in D minor
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Bach's fantasy on the organ, scary Halloween Dracula piece
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contrapuntal devices
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inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion, augmentation, diminution
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inversion
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at a different starting note, mimic, upside down melody, mirror image
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retrograde
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backwards melody
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retrograde inversion
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backwards at a different starting note; upside down and backwards melody
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augmentation
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make it slower/longer melody
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diminution
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make it faster/shorter melody
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fugue
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contrapuntal composition in which a single theme pervades the entire fabric. Entering in once voice (or instrumental line) and then another. Based on imitation; structured work
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harpsichord
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keyboard instrument; strings plucked by quills rather than struck with hammers, tone cannot be sustained like that of piano, pressure on keys cannot produce the piano's extremes of loud & soft, only subtle dynamic nuances; no piano in baroque period!`
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Cantata
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like oratorio; only Bach; sacred texts; in German; no costume; huge chorus; individual soloist; solo arias, recitative & choruses, all with orchestral accompaniment; Lutheran church service;
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chorales
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like hymns; specific congressional hymns; specific to each sunday service; Lutheran musical worship -chorale fantasia (listen) -unison chorale (listen)
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cantata no. 140
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sleepers, awake (listen); based on a well-known Lutheran chorale tune
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cantata no. 80
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singers (listen)
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castrato
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male singer who was castrated during boyhood in order to preserve the soprano or alto register of his voice for the rest of his life
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improvisation
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-significant role in Baroque music -musicians were expected to be able to improvise and add embellishments to what was written on the score, much like jazz or pop musicians today
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libertto
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text in an opera; the earliest opera libertti were base on mythology, epic poetry, and ancient history
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Henry Purcill
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wrote Dido & Aeneas, based on The Aeneid, a roman epic by Virgil; the closing Lament by Dido is a powerful expression of grief that reflects contemporary ideals about womanhood (listen)
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overture
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heard at the beginning of most operas, ma introduce melodies from the arias
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sinfonias
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interludes between scenes
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masque
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a type of entertainment that combined vocal & instrumental music with poetry and dance; in 17th century England among the aristocrats
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ground bass
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a repeated phrase that descends along the chromatic scale; often symbolic of grief in Baroque music
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Johann Sebastian BACH
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director of collegium musicum
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George Frideric Handel
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-composer of italian-style opera -he invented the English oratorio, combining elements of Italian & English musical style -messiah (listen) (nos 18 & 44) & hallelujah chorus -orchestral suites: Water Music & Music for the Royal Fireworks
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Antonio Vivaldi
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a virtuoso violinist, composed The Four Seasons, a well-loved set of solo violin concertos that exemplify program music; spring (listen)
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keyboard instruments of the Baroque era
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organ & harpsicord
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The Art of Fugue
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J.S. Bach's last and most comprehensive example of contrapuntal writing
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tocatta
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virtuoso composition, generally for organ or harpsichord; in a free and rhapsodic style; in baroque era, it often served as the introduction to a fugue
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prelude & fugue
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paired movements, the prelude in free form, the fugue in a strict, imitative form
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keyboard players improvised and created free-form pieces called
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preludes and tocatas
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subject
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main idea or theme of a work, as in a fugue
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second entry of the subject in a fugue, usually pitched a fourth below or a fifth above the subject
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countersubject
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in a fugue, a secondary theme heard against the subject; a countertheme
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exposition
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opening section. in the fugue, the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject.
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episodes
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interlude or intermediate section in the baroque fugue that serves as an area of relaxation between statements of the subject
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stretto
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overlapping statements of the subject that heighten the tension
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contrapunctus 1, the art of fugue
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bach; listen
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baroque time period
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1600-1750
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composers of the baroque
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monteverdi, purcell, vivaldi, bach, handel
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claudio monteverdi
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composed Orfeo and the coronation of poppea operas
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melody of baroque
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continuous melody with wide leaps, chromatic tones for emotional effect; speech-like melody in recitative
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rhythm of baroque
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single rhythm predominant; steady energetic pulse; freer in vocal music
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harmony of baroque
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chromatic harmony for expressive effect; major-minor system established with brief excursions from the tonic to other keys
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texture of baroque
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homophonic texture(early baroque); polyphonic texture(late baroque); linear-horizontal dimension
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instrumental genres of baroque
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trio sonata, concerto, suite, prelude, fugue
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vocal genres of baroque
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opera, mass, oratorio, cantata
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form of baroque
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binary & ternary forms predominant
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dynamics of baroque
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subtle dynamic nuances; forte/piano contrasts; echo effects
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timbre of baroque
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continuous tone color throughout one movement
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performing forces of baroque
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string orchestra, with added woodwinds; organ & harpsichord prevalent
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improvisation of baroque
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improvisation expected; harmonies realized from figured bass
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emotion of baroque
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emotional exuberance and theatricality
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