Mr. Ethridge AP Psychology Unit 9 – Flashcards
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Infant novelty preferences have been discovered by assessing infants'
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habituation
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According to Piaget, an egocentric child can best be described as
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cognitively limited
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A postconventional level of morality is most likely to be found in cultures that value
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individualism
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The acquisition of a sense of object permanence is most closely associated with the development of
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stranger anxiety
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Harlow observed that most monkeys raised in total isolation
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became incapable of mating upon reaching sexual maturity.
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Three-year-olds who experienced a fire evacuation caused by a burning popcorn maker were unable to remember the cause of this vivid event when they were 10-year-olds. This best illustrates
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infantile amnesia
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Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue of
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stability or change.
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A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's
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neural connections.
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In which research method are the same people retested over a period of years?
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longitudinal
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Parents who discuss and negotiate family rules are especially likely to raise children who are
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self-reliant
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Like Piaget, Kohlberg emphasized that children's moral judgments build on their
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cognitive development.
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Despite huge legal costs and social disapproval, Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.
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postconventional
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Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child
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develops through a series of stages.
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Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of
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insecure attachment.
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The association areas are the last cortical areas to fully develop their
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neural networks.
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Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Eskenazi's contribution to the gender typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by
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social learning theorists.
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Exceptionally inhibited and fearful infants tend to become introverted adolescents. This best illustrates the long-term stability of
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temperament.
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Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.
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preconventional; conventional
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According to Piaget, children acquire the mental operations needed to comprehend such things as mathematical transformations and conservation during the ________ stage.
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concrete operational
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After about 2 weeks, a fertilized egg cell attaches to the uterine wall. What is the developing human called at this point in development?
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embryo
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Even though Alicia was busy playing when her mother came to pick her up from her babysitter, she quickly ran to her mother, gesturing to be held. Alicia most clearly showed signs of
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secure attachment.
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To recognize that a face seen in a mirror is his or her own, a child must have a
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self-concept.
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Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.
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assimilation; accommodation
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Authoritarian parents are especially likely to be
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inflexible.
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Three-year-old Bert, who lives in Alaska where moose roam freely, has learned the schema for moose. When his family visits his cousin Michael on a horse farm, Bert modifies his schema for large, shaggy animals to include horses. This process is called
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accommodation.
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The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called
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conservation.
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Mrs. Carmichael secretly dabs some lipstick on the nose of her 2-year-old son and then allows him to see his face in a mirror. The child is most likely to
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touch his own nose.
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According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.
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preoperational
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As individuals progress through their teen years into early adulthood, their self-concepts typically become
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more positive.
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The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the
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ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other.
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Vincent's ability to reason hypothetically in his geometry class indicates that he is in the ________ stage of development.
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formal operational
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Parents who make few demands on their children and use little punishment are
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permissive.
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Marie feels socially useful in her career as a financial investment advisor. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Marie experiences a sense of
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generativity.
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In Erikson's theory, the sense of integrity achieved in late adulthood refers to the feeling that
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one's life has been meaningful.
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According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
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integrity.
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One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates
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secure attachment.
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Sets of expected behaviors for males and for females are called
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gender roles.
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Kathryn and Rafael's third and last child is leaving home for college next year. Their empty nest is likely to be a(n) ________ place.
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happy
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Infants accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice. This suggests that Piaget
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underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants.
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The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived is known as
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object permanence.
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The processes of assimilation and accommodation were most clearly highlighted by
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Piaget's cognitive development theory.
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Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for
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intimacy.
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Many researchers believe that adult styles of romantic love correspond with childhood patterns of
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attachment.
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The conflicting results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of aging and intelligence are of greatest relevance to the issue of
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stability or change.
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The heart begins to beat during the ________ period of prenatal development.
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embryonic
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The best evidence that 4-month-old infants possess visual memory capabilities comes from research on
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habituation.
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Identical twins typically begin walking on nearly the same day. This best illustrates the importance of _______ to motor skills.
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genes
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Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of ________ development.
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cognitive
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Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of
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accommodation
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Although Mr. Tong was obviously busy reading an absorbing novel, his 5-year-old daughter kept interrupting him with comments and questions about the TV cartoons she was watching. Before Mr. Tong becomes irritated with his daughter for being inconsiderate, he should be alerted to Piaget's concept of
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egocentrism.
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Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n)
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theory of mind.
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Autism spectrum disorder is a disorder characterized by deficient social interaction and an impaired
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theory of mind.
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Eighteen-month-old Justin follows his mother around the house, clinging tightly to her when he is frightened. This best illustrates
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attachment behavior.
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Mr. Johnson spends time each day holding and rocking his infant daughter. This time together should serve most directly to promote
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secure attachment.
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Research indicates that most abusive parents report that they themselves were
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battered or neglected as children.
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Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a
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role.
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The speed of neurotransmission in the frontal lobe increases during adolescence because of the growth of
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myelin.
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The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the ________ stage of development.
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formal operational
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According to Erikson, later adulthood is to integrity as young adulthood is to
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intimacy.
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The term menarche refers to the
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first menstrual period.
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Infections of which sexually transmitted disease can be greatly reduced by a vaccination?
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HPV
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Compared with girls living in father-absent families, girls with fathers present are less likely to experience
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the older-brother effect.
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Abner, a 70-year-old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of
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integrity.
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Which newborn reflex involves these steps: tonguing, swallowing, breathing?
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sucking
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According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is still unlikely to demonstrate
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the ability to think hypothetically.
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Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
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Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
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According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the
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adolescent.
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Individuals who are both with incomplete or unusual combinations of male and female physical features are referred to as
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intersex
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As people progress into old age, their disease-fighting immune systems become
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more effective in resisting upper respiratory flu than in resisting pneumonia
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The age at which people are expected to leave home, get a job, and marry has changed dramatically in Wallonia over the past 50 years. Developmentalists would say that the country's ________ has been
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social clock
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Thirteen-year-old Ryan has begun to challenge many of his parents' values and to express his own set of highly idealistic standards. Compare and contrast the explanations for Ryan's behavior that would be given by Kohlberg and by Erikson.
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Kohlberg might point out that Ryan could be moving from a conventional (rule-following) stage of moral reasoning to a postconventional (independent moral reasoning) stage. Erikson would point out that Ryan is working to establish his own identity and needs to have the independence to "try out" different identities.
