Molecular Biology : Exam 1 – Phillip Ryals – UWF – Flashcards

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What is Molecular Biology?
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a 'hybrid' discipline that combines elements of genetics and biochemistry. It is the study of gene structure and function at the molecular level.
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Why isn't the earliest work on genes considered as molecular biology genetics?
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the molecular nature of genes was NOT KNOWN.
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Earliest work on genes is referred to as...
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"transmission genetics" as it dealt with the transmission of traits from parent organ to their offspring.
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Molecular biology includes the study of:
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-DNA/RNA structure and function -DNA reproduction -Transcription/translation mechanisms -Gene struct/funct/control or expression -Gene cloning, genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics
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Prior to Mendel's work, it was thought that inheritance was a "__________" of parental traits in the offspring.
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blending
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Mendel concluded that inheritance was "___________" i.e. each parent contributed particles (genetic units, GENES) to offspring.
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particulate
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What did Mendel predict?
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that gametes (sex cells) would control only one allele of each gene instead of two.
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The idea that chromosomes carry genes is the... (name of theory)...
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Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
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1910 - Thomas Hunt Morgan demonstrated that...
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...eye-color in fruit flies was sex linked.
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Each gene has its place, or ______ on a chromosome...
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"locus" = location on a gene chromosome.
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-Morgan assumed that genes are arranged in a linear membrane or chromosome. -He knew that during meiosis, carry over between 2 homologus chromosomes could occur. The result is a exchange of genes between 2 homologus chromosomes.
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...
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The FARTHER APART two genes are on a chromosome, the more likely they are to ___________.
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RECOMBINE.
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A.H. Strutevant predicted that a mathematical relationship existed between distance separating two genes on a chromosome and the freq of recombination between 2 genes. His studies established the...
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Rationale of Genetic Mapping technique. (which is still used today).
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^ all previously described work deals with the ___________ of genes and how to ____ genes on chromosomes.
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"transmission"... "map"..
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Molecular Genetics describes...
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...what genes are MADE OF and HOW THEY FUNCTION.
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In 1869, Miescher found that cell nuclei contained a mixture of compound that he named...
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Nuclein
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The major component in nuclein is...
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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By the end of the 1800s, DNA and RNA were known to be ________ of _____________.
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polymers or Nucleotides...
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A nucleotide is made of a ...
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- sugar - phosphate group - nitrogenous base
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Polymers are formed by...
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linking the sugars together w/ their phosphate groups.. or something. **Phospho-diester bonds between sugars... Fig 2.10 (look it up if you don't believe me)
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The 2nd major component of nuclein is...
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protein.
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Proteins are _______ of amino acids linked together by ______ bonds.
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polymers.... amide bonds...
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In 1944, Avery-MacLeod McCartey did a transformation exp similar to an exp performed by Griffith in 1928. Avery demonstrated that DNA was the...
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... genetic material of Inheritance.
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Griffith exp of 1928... - Streptococcus pneumoniae - S smooth - capsule - virulent - R rough - NO capsule - avirulent (lymphocyte)
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...
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Griffith exp demonstrated that ______________ had occurred during this experiment. This laid the foundation for eventually identifying DNA as the genetic material.
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transformation. ..."heat killed virulent cells were found to transform avirulent cells to virulent cells"...
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Avery exp of 1944... 1.) Removed protein from extract. Extract still capable of preforming transformation... 2.) Digested test extract w/ various enzymes.. (flip)
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a) trypsin (protease) b) chymotrypsin c) RNase (nuclease) d) DNase <-- chopped up DNA, (transformation ceased)
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Physical-Chemical Analysis of the Purified "Transforming Substance"
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...
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1950 - Edwin Chargaff *Bases are NOT found in equal proportions *Bases composition varied between species
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...
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Rollin Hotchkiss - Extended Avery's work by further purifying the protein contents down to 0.02%. - Also showed the genetic traits other than R and S could be transferred by DNA.
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...
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1952 - Hershey Chase Exp ...."radiolabeled" The T2 bacteriophage (bacterial virus) was used. - Phages are composed of only DNA and protein... (the phages enter the host cell and direct the synthesis of new phage particles). ...(flip)
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- Phage DNA was radiolabeled w/ phosphorus - 32 (32P) - Phage protein was radiolabeled w/ Sulfur - 35 (35S)
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By 1953, Watson and Crick published the double-helical model of DNA structure.
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...
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