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Federalism

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a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Famous artist/painter in the 15th century. Created "The Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper"

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John Locke

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This English philosopher argued that all men were born with natural rights (life, liberty and property) and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights

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Protestant Reformation

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This was a movement that began when Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses to a castle church door in Germany. It split the Church in Europe

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Humanism

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Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.

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Council of Trent

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A council created by Pope Paul III to direct the reform of the Catholic Church.

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Renaissance

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An age that marked a great change for renewed interest in classical learning.

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English Reformation

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Henry VIII wanted a divorce so he took control of the church and changed it.

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Catholic Reformation

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Changes that took place to fix the problems in the Catholic Church such as corruption among the clergy.

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Jesuit

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Missionary like people who were considered defenders and

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Scientific Method

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a hypothesis that is a possible explanation to be tested.

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Women's Roles during the Industrial Revolution

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women were expected to work a full day and be expected to do the work at home called the "double shift", Received half the pay of men, were preferred workers because of being obedient (doing what they are told)

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Population Explosion between 1800-1900

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caused by the increased medical advances.

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Assembly Line

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A production method in which a worker repeatedly performs one task in the manufacturing process.

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Early Factory Workers

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Women were the early factory workers during the industrial revolution because they could be paid less and they were more familiar with the work.

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Tenements

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Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded. (working class)

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Putting-out system

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Also known as the cottage industry was a process of producing cloth in individual homes

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Steam Power

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This power enabled the growth of railroads and factories.

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James Watt

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Known for improving the Steam Engine.

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Karl Marx

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believed that capitalism was a failed system where the workers would ultimately revolt because it would create prosperity for few and poverty for many.

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Utilitarianism

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idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

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Textiles

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The first developed goods from the first factories during the industrial revolution.

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Cotton Gin

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a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers

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Battle of Waterloo

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the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat

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Continental System

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blockade designed by Napoleon to hurt Britain economically by closing European ports to British goods; ultimately unsuccessful

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Consulate

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Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.

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Committee of Public Safety

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Political body of the French Revolution that controlled France during the Reign of Terror.

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March on Versailles

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When women of Paris marched on the Palace of Versailles demanding the king and queen return to Paris.

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Third Estate

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the middle class, and the poor belonged to this estate in France during the late 1700's

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Tennis Court Oath

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This is the oath that the representatives of the third estate took when they swore that they would never disband until they had proper representation

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National Assembly

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Created by the Third Estate in France during the Estates-General Meeting

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Congress of Vienna

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set up to restore a balance of power in Europe after Napoleon was defeated by placing hereditary (passed down from family to family) monarchies to the thrones.

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Scorched Earth Policy

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Burning live stock and crops to prevent the enemy from living off the land. The Russians did this to prevent Napoleon from defeating them.

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Robespierre

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Leader of the Reign of Terror

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Declaration of Rights of Man

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French document that is similar to the American Declaration of Independence.

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First Estate

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In France's old order the clergy belonged to this class.

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Separation of Powers

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Montesquieu's idea that in order to have a good government it must divide the government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches

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Slave Trade

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allowed European merchants to obtain great wealth by trading slaves for raw material.

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Thomas Hobbes

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believed that government needed to be strong to control people whom he believed were inherently evil. The only government that could do this would be an absolute monarchy.

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Articles of Confederation

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in 1787, American leaders gathered in Philadelphia to revise but ended up creating a whole new Constitution.

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Enlightened Despot

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Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

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Joseph II

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disguised himself as a peasant to learn their hardships, religious toleration, ended serfdom and censorship, sold Catholic property to build hospitals, treated people with kindness

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Natural Law

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Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.

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French Revolution

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caused by a number of reasons one includes the excessive spending of King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette.

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Phillip II

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Defeated the Ottomans at Lepanto which increased Spanish power.

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Social Contract

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau is known for the social contract that is an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

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Triangular Trade

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A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s where Europeans first sailed to Africa to trade for slaves. Secondly, sailed to the America's to sell slaves for raw materials and natural resources. Lastly, sail to Europe to use the raw materials to make refined goods to start over again.

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Proletariat

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a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

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