Modern World History Chapter 5 – Flashcards
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Charles V
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Split up his empire; gave Spain and the Netherlands to son Philip II
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Philip II
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Inherited Spain and Netherlands; very religious and trusted nobody; took control of Portugal in 1580; defended Catholicism; fought Muslim Ottoman empire; failed at attacking Protestant England
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El Greco
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Spanish painter emotional, distorted images of saints
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Diego Velazquez
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Court painter for Philip IV of Spain
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Don Quixote (de la Mancha)
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Novel by Cervantes about a man who believes he is a knight
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Cervantes
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Wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha
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Rembrandt
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Dutch artist; realistic pictures of wealthy and middle class; contrast of light and shadow
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Jan Vermeer
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Dutch artist; domestic pictures of women
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Absolute Monarch
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King/queen with all the power in a state
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Divine Right
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Belief that king is chosen by God and represents God on earth
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Henry of Navarre
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Huguenot prince who inherited the French throne; converted to Catholicism to avoid war; passed Edict of Nantes; killed by religious fanatic
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Edict of Nantes
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Law that states that Huguenots could worship freely
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Louis XIII
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Made Cardinal Richelieu his minister; son of Henry of Navarre
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Minister for Louis XIII; forbade protestant cities to have walls; made nobles take down castles
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Skepticism
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Belief that nothing is certain
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Rene Descartes
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Wrote Meditations on First Philosophy- challenged skeptics
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Meditations on First Philosophy
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Book that challenged skeptics written by Rene Descartes; foundation for scientific method
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Louis XIV
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Most powerful French king; became king at age 4; had Cardinal Mazarin rule until he was old enough; excluded nobles from his council and strengthened power of intendants
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Cardinal Mazarin
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Ruled in place of young Louis XIV; unpopular with nobles because of tax increases
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Intendants
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Tax collectors and justice officers whose power was strengthened by Louis XIV
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
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Minister of finance for Louis XIV; mercantilism and self-sufficiency; gave tax credit to local business and put high tariffs on imports; encourage people to move to New France
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Louis XIV
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King who lived in luxury and controlled nobles; built palace at Versailles; played lead in The Sun King; enjoyed Moliere's comedies
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Versailles
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Huge palace built by Louis XIV that was like a small city
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War of Spanish Succession
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Conflict when Hapsburg king Charles named Louis' grandson next king
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Treaty of Utrecht
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Agreement in which Louis's grandson could rule Spain, but with separate thrones
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Thirty Years War
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Conflict over religion and territory among European ruling families from 1618-1648
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Gustavus Adolphus
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Swedish army leader who defeated the Hapsburgs in the Thirty Years War
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Peace of Westphalia
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Brought the Thirty Years War to an end; weakened Hapsburg Spain and Austria
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Charles VI
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Austrian Hapsburg; took over Hungary; centralized government and drove out Protestants
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Maria Theresa
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Inherited Austria from her dad Charles VI; led to war with Prussia
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Hohenzollers
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Family in Prussia who had power and a strong army
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Frederick William
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Became and absolute ruler in Prussia
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Frederick the Great
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Went to war with Austria after Maria Theresa took over for land; son of Frederick William
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War of Austrian Succession
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Conflict between Prussia and Austria
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Treaty of Aix-al-Chapelle
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Ended War of Austrian Succession; Frederick the Great gained land
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The Seven Years War
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Austria, France, and Russia vs Britain and Prussia; fought in India, Europe, and North America; Britain was the real winner
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Ivan the Terrible
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Russian king; named self czar; married Anastasia of the Romanovs; had a good and bad period; killed boyars and his oldest son
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Anastasia
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Romanov wife of Ivan the Terrible
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Peter the Great
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One of Russia's best reformers; encouraged visits outside of Russia; wanted to make the ruler stronger; believed in education; built St. Petersburg
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Westernization
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Term used to describe Russia using Europe as a model for change
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James I
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Elizabeth's Scottish cousin; struggled with parliament over money; allowed Puritans to make a new Bible
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Charles I
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Needed money for war with Spain and France; dissolved parliament but had to bring it back; signed Petition of Right; put on trial and publicly executed; son of James I
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Petition of Right
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Document signed by Charles; no imprisoning without cause; no taxes without permission, no housing of soldiers in homes; shows law was greater than king
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Oliver Cromwell
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Puritan general who led his army to victory over the Cavaliers; made a commonwealth; tried to make a constitution but instead became a military dictator; tolerated all Christians except Catholics
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Roundhead
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Puritan supporter of Parliament during the English civil war
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Cavalier
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Royalist supporter during the English civil war
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Charles II
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Restored as English king after Cromwell; guarenteed habeas corpus
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James II
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Catholic English king after Charles II
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Whigs
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Group that opposed James II as English king
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Tories
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Group that supported James II as English king
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Restoration
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Time period when Charles II became king after his dad was beheaded
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Habeas Corpus
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Law that one must have a warrant and tell charges to the prisoners; Charles II agreed to this
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Glorious Revolution
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Bloodless overthrow of James II; William and Mary became in charge to protect Protestantism
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Constitutional Monarchy
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English government during the time of Mary and William; laws limited ruler's power
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Bill of Rights
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Said that king could not suspend laws, tax without permission, take freedom of speech, or penalize protesters
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Cabinet
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Group of ministers that acted for the king and represented parliament's major party; lead by prime minister
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Prime Minister
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Real power in England during the reign of William and Mary; led the Cabinet
