question

in 1492, native american culture were

answer

so varied that they defy simple & easy description

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the term archaic describes the

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hunting & gathering cultures that descended from the pale indians, as long as the period of time from 10,000 bc

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archaic indians who hunted the bison herds of the great plains were

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nomads who moved constantly to maintain contact with their prey

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the most important source of food for archaic people inhabiting the Great Basin was

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plants

question

the cultures of the archaic peoples of the Eastern Woodland were shaped by their

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forest environment

question

which of the following important changes occurred among Woodland cultures around 4000 BP?

answer

they incorporated agriculture & pottery into their hunter-gatherer lifestyles.

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corn became a food crop for southwestern cultures around

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3500 BP

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Southwestern indians became experts in

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water conservation

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Multistory cliff dwellings and huge pueblos are residential structures associated with the

answer

anasazi communities

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Anasazi culture disappeared

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because of a drought that lasted more than 50 years

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by the 1490s most southwestern tribes acquired a significant portion of their food supplies through

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agriculture

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native north americans in the 1490 obtained the majority of their food

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through hunting and gathering

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Native Americans related to the natural environment by

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adapting to it while also changing it in a variety of ways that served their own interests

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by the 1490s, the empire of mexica

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encompassed as many as 25 million people and covered more land than spain and Portugal combined

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the most exalted positions in mexican society were held by

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warriors

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the mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

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the poor, the commoners, and the conquered to the rich, the noble, and wealthy

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Spanish conquerors exploited the weakness of the mexican empire, which included

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a belief among subject peoples that the mexica were not legitimate or fair rulers

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which europeans founded a small fishing village on the tip of Newfoundland around the year 1000?

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Norsemen

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Factor that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

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technological advances in navigational instruments and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power

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some of the scientific and technological advances available to European explorers by 1400 included the

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astrolabe and the compass

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the most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration was

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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the discovery of a sea route to asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

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destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on asian marketplaces

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in the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemuller was among the very first to understand that

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the discoveries by Columbus, Balboa, and Cabral proved the existence of a separate land mass between Europe and Asia

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Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that america was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

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convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the east was not a feasible route

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the transatlantic trade of goods, people, and ideas between the new world and Europe is referred to as the

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columbian exchange

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Hernan Cortes's conquest of mexico was most significant because it

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served as a model for future colonization and made spain the most powerful monarchy in europe

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Cortes was eventually able to defeat the Mexicans in 1521 by enlisting the help of

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tens of thousands of indian allies who favored the destruction of Mexico

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the largest treasure found in the new world before 1540 was held by the

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Incas

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when catholic priests such as Friar Bartolome de Las Casas complained to the Spanish government about the brutal treatment of indians, royal officials

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made n effort to replace the encomenderos with royal bureaucrats as the rulers of New Spain

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The system of coerced labor in New Spain grew directly out of Spaniards' assumption that

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Spaniards were superior to indians

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Children born in the new world to parents who had emigrated from Spain were referred to as

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creoles

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The deaths of millions of indians affected Spain

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greatly, as the lack of Natives created a labor shortage that led the spanish colonists to begin purchasing african slaves

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the mot permanent european settlement within what would become the United States was

answer

St. Augustine, Florida

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The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain became King Charles 1 in 1516. He and his successors used the wealth of New Spain to

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Consolidate the largest empire in Europe and fight religious wars with protestants and muslims

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Richard Hakluyt, a strong proponent of colonization, argued that english colonies would

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provide a market for english goods and a place for the unemployed to find work

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only 38 of the 144 englishmen who originally settled what would become Jamestown, Virginia; survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained from

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malnutrition, disease, and a failure to let go of certain notions of class and labor

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Powhatan and his people were suspicious of English intentions because the colonists

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often resorted to violence in their interactions with indians

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the majority of the early settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

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gentlemen and their servants

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the Virginia colonists might have better survived their early years in north America had they

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been willing to learn how to farm

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because of the success of the Virginia colony, Powhatan's people

answer

were almost exterminated

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Headrights were initiated by the Virginia Company and continued by the royal government as an incentive to encourage settlement in the Virginia colony. A headright

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granted 50 acres of land to every settler who paid his own transportation to the Chesapeake

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A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by

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the New World's labor shortage and the poverty of englishmen who were willing to work

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a yeoman in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake was a

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farmer who owned a small plot of land that was worked primarily by himself and his family

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mercantilism was a(n)

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economic policy that placed the welfare of the mother country above the welfare of the colonies

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By 1700, the English Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

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sugar

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it is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands because doing so helps us to better understand

answer

that the West Indies had a direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in the mainland British colonies

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the profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

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rice

question

the shift from an indentured servant labor force to a slave labor force occurred for many reasons; one was that

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slavery provided a perpetual labor force

question

for planters, one important advantage of a slave labor system over a servant labor system was that slaves

answer

could be controlled politically

question

compared to slavery in Barbados, slavery in the chesapeake

answer

was more confining because salves often worked alongside white servants and; in general, were subjected to more constant surveillance by white people

question

the religious roots of New England puritanism could be tracked back to the

answer

protestant reformation of the early sixteenth-century

question

fort he most part, the puritans who settles in Massachusetts Bay colony

answer

were farmers or tradesmen who came from the middle ranks of english society

question

the migration to puritan New England included

answer

a greater number of complete family units than there were among immigrants to the Chesapeake

question

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century were characterized by

answer

a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety

question

churches played no direct role in the civil government of New England communities because

answer

puritans did not want to emulate the church of England, which the considered a puppet of the kind Lord

question

Roger Williams's position on the Bible was that it

answer

could be legitimately interpreted in a variety of ways

question

in the seventeenth century, Puritan churches

answer

experienced a growing number of divisions over doctrine and church government

question

the seventeenth century New England economy mainly consisted of

answer

subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in europe and the west indies

question

members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that

answer

God spoke directly to each individual through an 'inner light' and that neither a minister nor the bible was necessary to discover God's word

question

Puritans viewed Quakers as

answer

dangerous to puritan doctrines of faith and social order to the point that puritan officials even executed a few quakers

question

witch trials in the seventeenth-century New England signaled

answer

an enduring belief that the origins of evil and gnawing doubt about the strength of Puritan New Englanders' faith

question

in 1664, New Netherland

answer

became New York when King charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land

question

the Quaker maxim "in souls there is no sex" helps explain

answer

the degree to which Quakers allowed women to assume positions of religious leadership in the seventeenth century

question

William Penn aimed to

answer

establish a genuinely Quaker colony in the Americas

question

The indian policy of seventeenth century Pennsylvania

answer

involved purchasing indian' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them firmly

question

in eighteenth-century America, the main sources of population growth and diversity were

answer

immigration and natural increase

question

the colonial economy in the eighteenth century was unique because

answer

the free population enjoyed a relatively high standard of living

question

by 1770, New Englanders had only one-fourth as much wealth as free colonists in the south, in large part because

answer

their farms did not produce huge surpluses of cash crops in quantities necessary to become wealthy

question

compared with the poor in England, the least wealthy eighteenth-century New Englanders

answer

lived more comfortably

question

why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth-century?

answer

New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor

question

by 1770, the middle colonies had a uniquely diverse immigrant population; the largest number of immigrants were

answer

german and scots-irish

question

in the middle colonies of the eighteenth-century, slaves

answer

were not much needed on wheat farms, which operated mostly with family labor

question

Poor Richard's Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of

answer

work, thrift, and discipline

question

the defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was

answer

slavery

question

from 1700 to 1770, the black population in the south increased almost three times faster than the white population of the region; by 1770, blacks made up

answer

40 percent of the southern population

question

Southern masters preferred black slaves over white indentured servants because

answer

slaves served for life and could be disciplined more harshly

question

as the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies

answer

the richest in North America

question

poor whites in the south displayed little hostility toward the gentry because they saw them as

answer

similar by virtue of belonging to the 'superior' white race

question

members of the eighteenth-century southern gentry typically

answer

gambled, entertained lavishly, and cultivated a life of leisurely pursuits

question

In colonial America, deists

answer

were usually educated and followed the ideas of european enlightenment thinkers

question

most eighteenth-century colonists went to church

answer

seldom or not at all

question

the great awakening can be best described as a(n)

answer

revival moment to convert nonbelievers and revive the piety of believers

question

during the eighteenth century, colonists in america

answer

thought of themselves as both British subjects and colonists

question

the 7 years war resulted from

answer

a dispute between indians, virginians, Pennsylvanians, and the French over territory in the Ohio Valley

question

as a result of the 7 years' war

answer

indians lost their land and had to face colonist moving west

question

after the 7 years' war, the Earl of Bute decided to keep several thousand British troops in America. ostensibly to

answer

maintain the peace between the colonists and the indians

question

The Virginia Resolves suggested that

answer

Virginia alone had the right to tax virginias

question

the stamp act of 1765

answer

set an ominous precedent in the eyes of the colonists

question

American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of

answer

burning an effigy of a stamp collector, breaking windows, and ransacking an officials home

question

the stamp act congress, held in New York in 1765

answer

advanced the notion of intercolonial political action

question

as chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend

answer

favored imposing taxes that would help pay off England's war debt and make the colonist pay the cost of maintaining British troops in America

question

The daughters of liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by

answer

participating in nonconsumption agreements

question

many women displayed their patriotism during the anti-British boycott by

answer

producing home spun cloth

question

according to the British, the major purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

answer

boost sales for Britain's East India Company

question

dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

answer

generate increased revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges-- a reminder of parliament's taxation and legislative powers

question

Botonian reaction to the Tea Act culminated in December 1773 with the

answer

dumping of thousands of pounds of tea into Boston harbor

question

The first Continental Congress

answer

denied Parliament's right to tax and legislate for the colonies but acknowledged its authority to regulate their trade

question

Early in 1775, as royal authority collapsed in Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage

answer

realized the seriousness of the situation and requested twenty thousand additional troops from england

question

The initial goal of the second Continental Congress was to

answer

raise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England

question

The most Radical delegates at the Second Constitutional Convention came from

answer

Massachusetts

question

in 1775, most of the delegates to the Second continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they

answer

worried about the loss of Britain's military support, the effect on their economies, and political stability

question

the delegates to the Second Continental Congress chose George Washington as commander in chief because

answer

picking a southerner would show England that there was a widespread commitment to war beyond New England

question

one of the main obstacles the British army faced during the Revolutionary war was

answer

the logistical problem of supplying an army with food and supplies across three thousand miles of water

question

The British goal in fighting the war for America was to

answer

regain colonial allegiance, not to destroy the colonies

question

to raise the necessary troops for the continental army, the congress

answer

offered a bonus for enlistment and land grants to those who committed for the war's duration

question

women served in the continental army by

answer

performing domestic tasks and nursing the wounded

question

as manpower needs in the Continental army increased,

answer

free blacks were welcomed into service in the northern states

question

The American strategy in the war with Britain was to

answer

turn back the British and defeat their invading armies

question

The British strategy in the war with America was to

answer

Recapture the thirteen colonies in a divide-and-conquer approach, with loyalist help.

question

The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans

answer

crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton

question

in the first year of the revolutionary war, what really saved the American army may have been

answer

British reluctance to follow through militarily when they had the advantage

question

at the time of war with Britain, white women

answer

began to participate in politics through discussion and fundraising

question

treasonable acts, as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776, included

answer

supplying the British army with food and ammunition

question

Continental army morale during the winter of 1777-78 was

answer

low because corruption was undermining the patriots' cause

question

After the American victory at Saratoga, France allied itself with the Americans because it

answer

saw an opportunity to defeat England, France's arch rival

question

what immediate impact did the American's alliance with France in 1778 have on the British?

answer

British troop commander argued for an immediate negotiated settlement, and the commander of the navy

question

the British lost the Revolutionary war partly because

answer

of Americas' alliance with France, which provided artillery and ammunition, fresh troops, and naval support

question

under the articles of the Confederation, the confederation government lacked

answer

an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes

question

Virginia's constitution was the first to

answer

include a bill of rights

question

property qualifications for voters and candidates in the new states

answer

disfranchised 25 to 50 percent of all adult white males

question

writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should

answer

include property ownership because only property owners hsowed independence

question

which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?

answer

New Jersey

question

some states were reluctant to include 'equality language' in their bill of rights and constitutions because

answer

they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves

question

in the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in

answer

most northern states

question

the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

answer

prohibited slavery in the Northwest territory

question

Shay's rebellion of 1786-1787 was the result of

answer

the oppressive taxation on farmers in Massachusetts

question

Massachusetts responded to Shay's rebellion with

answer

the dispatch of a private army of militiamen

question

the legacy of Shay's rebellion was

answer

the realization that the articles of confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was underway

question

of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

answer

on a lower house whose seats would be appointed on the basis of population, and an upper house--the senate--

question

at the philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issues of who counted as population for the state representation?

answer

slaves were counted under the 3/5 clause

question

when the constitution was drafted, slavery was

answer

not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed

question

the constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of

answer

national over state governments

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