Midterm COSC-450 – Flashcards
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building materials of the past
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mud, clay, stone/rock, wood (natural, labor intensive)
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later man made substances
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concrete, glass, steel (larger/taller, sophisticated
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1st indoor plumbing
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1829-Tremont Hotel Boston, MA
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1st sewage system
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1857 Brooklyn, NY
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Chicago water tower
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1869 supplied water from Lake Michigan
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1st city to adopt cast iron pipe for water mains
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Philadelphia, PA 1800's
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siphonic flush toilet
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1870
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English Public Health Code of 1848
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The germ theory of disease was proven true - Late 1860's - contaminated water supply and unsanitary waste disposal might cause infections
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The Metropolitan Health Law of 1870
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considered the most complete health legislation in the world NY
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Outbreak of Amoebic Dysentery in Chicago
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1933, due to faulty plumbing in two hotels; 98 deaths, 1,409 reported cases.
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Electricity
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Experiments led to the understanding that lighting is electricity - 1752 - Benjamin Franklin
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1st Electric battery invented
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Alessandro Volta, proved that electricity travels over wires
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1st Electric motor
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1821 - Michael Faraday
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Laws of electrical heating published
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1841 - J.P. Joule
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Edison Electric Light Co. was founded
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1878
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Incandescent light bulb
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invented by Thomas Edison - 1879
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1st light dynamo driven by water turbine used to provide theater illumination
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1880 - Grand Rapids, MI
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The electric transformer is invented
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1883 - Thomas Edison
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The electric refrigerator is invented
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1913
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The US Dept. of Energy is formed -
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1977
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Blowing air over ice helps cooling buildings
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1830s - FL (patented in 1851)
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Blowing air over cold coils to control room temp. and humidity
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1902 - Willis Carrier, Brooklyn, NY
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The term 'air conditioning' is coined
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1906 - Stuart Cramer
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1st air conditioned home
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1914 - Minneapolis, MN, never used
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The 1st window unit is designed by Schultz and Sherman
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1931 (cost: $10K-$50K!)
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The 1st air conditioned car
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1939 - developed by Packard, sold by Cadillac in 1941
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The 1st "summer peak" power plant in the US
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1943 - designed to deal with the growing demand of air conditioning
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The central AC home unit is invented
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1970s. Freon gas is used as the refrigerant
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Freon is linked to ozone depletion and banned for use in several countries
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1994 - replaced by R-134A
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Hydraulic freight elevators
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built in the mid 19th century
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The 1st safety passenger elevator
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1852 - E. Otis, first demonstrated in 1854 in New York, NY
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The 1st passenger elevator to be installed in the E. V. Haughwout, 5-story Building
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1857 - New York, NY
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The 1st office building to install a passenger elevator
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1870 - New York, NY
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The 1st electric elevator
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880 - Werner Von Siemens
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The 1st skyscraper in the world
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The Home Insurance Building, Chicago, IL - 1885
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Advances in elevator technology, controls, efficiency, optimum scheduling
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Post WWII
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The fastest elevator in the world
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Taipei 101, Taiwan, 55 ft/sec; the fastest elevator in the US - John Hancock Building, Chicago, IL - 30 ft/sec
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approx. 2.27 billion acres of land are available in the US:
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• Private ownership: 59% • Public ownership: 39% • Indian lands: 2%
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31.6 million business tax returns were filed with the IRS in 2008
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compared to about 140 million individual tax returns filed.
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80% of businesses (approx. 25 million) are considered small (less the 50 employees).
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Typically housed in small facilities, no need for a full- time FM crew.
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More than 6 million large businesses; large buildings, multiple locations
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require a full FM crew.
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One out of every $5 spent in the US goes to
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real estate and facilities.
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Nearly 128 million residential housing units existed in the U.S. in 2007.
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Approx. 7.2 million new units were built between 2005 and 2009.
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Nearly 4.9 million office buildings existed in the U.S. in 2003.
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Their average vacancy rate is around 13%!
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Buildings accounted for 39% of total U.S. energy consumption in 2005.
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Residential buildings: 54%; Commercial buildings: 46%
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Buildings accounted for 72% of total U.S. electricity consumption in 2005.
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Residential buildings: 51%; Commercial buildings: 49%
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On average, Americans spend about 90% of their time indoors,
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use an average of 100 gallons of water and generate an average of 4.6 pounds of solid waste per person per day.
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The Federal Government owns more than 1 million buildings!
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Gov. offices, military, courthouses, post offices, etc.
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The General Service Administration (GSA) is the largest landlord in the world
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with 350 million sf in almost 10,000 buildings ("Inventory of Owned and Leased Properties").
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What are the main characteristics of government facilities?
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- Security - Historic preservation/heritage - Cost - Bureaucracy - Environmental issues/sustainability/energy - Stable environment
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Professional organizations:
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-Federal Facilities Council (FFC) -National League of Cities -National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) -Society of American Military Engineers (SAME)
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Society of American Military Engineers (SAME)
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military facilities.
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National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)
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source of technical and regulatory information.
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National League of Cities
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public and municipal property.
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Federal Facilities Council (FFC)
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federal facilities.
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There are more than 7,500 hospitals in the U.S.
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with more than 5 million employees.
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Avg. healthcare expenditure in the U.S. is $8,402 per person per year
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Half of healthcare spending is used to treat only 5% of the population!
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Life expectancy
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78.5 years; 50th in the world.
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What are the main characteristics of healthcare facilities?
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- Regulations and compliance (JCAHO), accreditation, governmental and non- governmental agencies and regulations - New construction/growth and expansion - Old infrastructure - Infection control, cleanliness, hygiene, sanitation - Customer-focused ("patient care environment") - Emergency management
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Professional Healthcare organizations:
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-American Society of Healthcare Engineers (ASHE) - Texas Association of Healthcare Facilities Management (TAHFM)
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How many schools are in the U.S.?
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Over 130,000 in the school year 2010/11; 75% of them are public.
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What is the average age of U.S. schools?
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NCES Found in 1999 that the avg. age of U.S. schools was 42 years old!
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What are the main characteristics of education facilities?
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- Security - Technology - Cost (from three different levels) - Building conditions - Environmental issues/energy/building materials/ IAQ - New construction
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Professional Education organizations
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-Leadership in Educational Facilities (Association of Physical Plant Administrators - APPA -Council of Educational Facility Planners International (CEFPI) -National School Plant Management Association (NSPMA)
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U.S. highway interstate system, the auto industry boom following WWII
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expansion of lodging, resorts, and hospitality industry.
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Today, $90 billion industry, 4.2 million rooms in over 41,000 properties
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About 42% of these are situated along highways!
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What are the main characteristics of lodging and hospitality facilities?
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- Competition/privately-owned facilities - Environmental issues/sustainability/energy - Maintenance - Cleanliness - Food services - Renovations
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Professional lodging organizations
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American Hotel and Lodging Association (AHLA)
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Large gatherings and meetings - sporting event, a concert, a theatrical performance, a religious meeting, a convention or conference
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Held in large stadiums, arenas, theaters, convention centers, etc., indoor or outdoor.
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What are the main characteristics of sports and entertainment facilities?
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- Event management - Security and safety (also, dealing with violence in sport and entertainment events) - Food services ("concessions") - Unleveled demand of janitorial services - Medical emergency and evacuation
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Professional sports organizations
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International Association of Venue Managers (IAVM)
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Property management agents
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are hired by owners or landlords of income-producing properties to run the day-to-day requirements of their real estate.
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Most large companies do not manage their own facilities;
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instead, they outsource these services to real- estate and property management companies.
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Among the largest property management companies in the U.S. are (in alphabetical order):
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1. CB Richard Ellis 2. Colliers International 3. Cushman & Wakefield 4. Hines 5. Jones Lang LaSalle 6. Trammell Crow 7. Transwestern
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What are the main characteristics of real estate and property management?
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-Understanding of legal documents - Lease administration - Accounting - Tenant services - property operations - maintenance, repairs, landscape services, service contract negotiations, utilities, etc. - Market analysis
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Professional Real Estate organizations
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- Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) - Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM) - International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) - National Apartment Association (NAA)
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1960's
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introduction of computers into the workplace -FM focused on IT systems and networks.
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1970's
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FM focused on office space and workplace design.
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1980's
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outsourcing of services, large infrastructure investments, increased building complexity, technology, etc. -Awareness of FM
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1990's
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FM continues to grow and assume additional responsibilities.
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2000's
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Sustainability of business/business continuity, risk management, security threats, environmentally friendly, instability of financial markets, international contracts, advanced technology.
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What is FM
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Management (organizing, staffing, directing, controlling, evaluating ) Planning and forecasting (strategic, operational ) Lease administration (as owner or lessee) Space planning, allocation, and management Architectural/engineering planning and design Workplace planning, allocation, and management (furniture ) Budgeting, accounting, and economic justification Real estate acquisition and disposal (site selection, purchase/lease )
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what is FM
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Sustainability (minimize environmental impact, regulations ) Construction project management Move, add, change management (alteration, renovation, relocation ) Operations, maintenance, and repair (pest control, trash removal, policies ) Technology management (data systems operations, networks Emergency planning (threat assessment, mitigation, drill, recovery plans ) Security and life-safety management (code comp., access ) General administration (food, mail, health, daycare, storage )
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Why do we plan?
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- Develop a course of action, consider alternatives; - Identify goals and objectives; - Set priorities; - Prepare for uncertainties; - Keep the business on-track; - Provides a communication tool with stakeholders; - Keep ahead of competitors.
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Strategic planning
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A tool used to develop, sell, and implement future directions.
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What components should a strategic plan include?
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MISSION VISION VALUES GOALS/OBJECTIVES
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MISSION
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-Inspires and focuses efforts towards a single purpose. -Describes what an organization does, who they do it for, and why they do it.
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VISION
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-Illustrates the future of the organization or the ultimate goals of the Mission. -Defines what will happen as a result of the Mission.
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VALUES
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-Identify the beliefs and behaviors that are reflected in all activities of the organization. -Define how the Mission is carried out.
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GOALS/OBJECTIVES
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-List the actions towards a successful accomplishment of the Mission. -Develop standards of assessment of members' activities.
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Typical areas to include in a strategic plan for FM departments:
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- Assets (capital, buildings, furniture...); - Occupancy (space utilization and moves); - Services (conference rooms, mail, maintenance/ operations...); - Systems (work orders, processes, or software to improve results...); - People (organization, staff, growth, professional development...
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facility management focus
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-customer service- 40% -operations and maintenance- 31% -communication-29% -project management- 21% -general management-19% -financial-17% -strategic planning- 15% -other-under 10%
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facility management themes
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-cost of ownership -life-cyle cost -integration of services -design for operations, maintenance, and sustainability -cost effectiveness -facilities as assets
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facility management life cycle
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1.planning 2. acquisition (leasing) 3.operations and maintenance 4. disposition
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organizational models
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1. office manager model 2. one-location, one site model 3. one-location, multiple sites model 4. public works model 5. multiple locations 6. fully international model
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office manager model
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-resignation in one leased building -buys FM services
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one-location, one site model
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-simplest setup for full-service FM department -large company, but are located at one location
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one-location, multiple sites model
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-headquarters with major operational elements located in the same county -gathering, consolidation, evaluation
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public works model
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-adapted from the Department of Defense -coordination and planning -maintain a small to medium sized city
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multiple locations
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-strong regional -divisional-headquarters model
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fully international model
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-very large department -headquarters oversees, policymaker, problem solver, resource allocator
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types of planning
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1.strategic (long-range) 2. short (midrange)
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strategic (long range)
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-more than 3 years -not clear future -infrastructure purpose for planning -general nature of plans -investment analysis
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short (midrange)
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-less than 3 years -reasonably clear future -provide facilities purpose for planning -space layout for techniques of planning -budge, cash-flow analysis -specific nature of plans
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annual work plan
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1. clear message 2. clearly structured 3. be maintainable
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good mid- and long range planning
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done on space, leasing, and capital programs
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long term planning
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space forecasting and build .vs. lease planning are preeminent
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plan format
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1.intro 2. environment 3. assumptions 4. constraints 5. discussion 6. conclusion 7. recommendations 8.appendixes
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fiscal
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budget
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projected
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current budgets projected into out years
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rational
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using assumptions and constraints
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life-cycle costing
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total cost of one option over its expected life
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financial forecasting
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-regression analysis -moving averages -econometric modeling -exponential smoothing -delphi method -simple projection
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estimates
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determine the cost
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personal costs
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-costs by category -benefits costs -personnel positions
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utilities
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-utilities rates by utility -usage data -degree days
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maintenance costs
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-costs per square feet or staff member -shop costs
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depreciation expense
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sum of the annual depreciation for that year for each outstanding capital project
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accept-reject approach
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everything over a certain benchmark is selected and anything under is rejected
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average feedback period
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net investment divide by average annual cash inflow
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actual feedback period
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when the sum of prior cash inflow equals initial investment
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net present value
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determines the dollar value, at time zero, of future series of cash flow, discounted at the company's cost of capital -Present value of future cash flow- net investment
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internal rate of return
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IRR= NPV= O
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Benefit cost ratio
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value of benefits of the project divided by costs of the project
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methods of forecasting space needs
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1. occupy owned space (max control) 2. occupy leased space (max. flexibility)
