Midterm 2 History 100 O’Mara SDCC Mesa College

Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar sacked Jerusalem in 597 BCE and took captives to Babylon -Judeans revolted, so Chaldeans returned to destroy Jerusalem and drag elites into exile -50 years of captivity, line of David dethroned -made Hebrews reevaluate relationship with God, started monotheism -ended 538 BCE when Persians conquered Chaldeans

Questions > answers, desire of change fueled by philosophy -each question raises another -glorified intellect -began with Milesian thinkers -Thales- first principle was water, humans descended from fish -Anaximander thought apeiron created opposites which created and destroyed in dialectical cycle infinitely, and all animals generate back to previous ones -Pythagoras 582-507 BCE used mathematics to form cult -Heraclitus 535-475 BCE proposed world's continual change -Parmenides 510-440 BCE denied existence of change -Democritus 460-370 BCE- developed atomic theory, was a materialist, mechanist, determinist -Empedocles 490-430 BCE- considered life's origins through four root elements, mutations and environment adaption, anticipates natural selection -Hippocrates- 460-370 BCE- "first do no harm" -Herodotus 484-425 BCE- collected evidence and testimony and wrote on Persian wars -Thucydides 460-395 BCE- wrote on Peloponnesian wars, cut superstition, differentiated cause and pretext -Protagoras 490-420 BCE- considered subjectivity of values and truth, perspectival thinking, first Sophist -Sophists- argued nothing can be known about Gods or true nature of things, but didn't advocated abandoning Gods

-Dialectic reasoning -belief that we know nothing, but truth is within us -ethical philosophy- attributed evil to human failure

-Patricians- aristocracy, all landowners, Senate positions -Plebians- commoners, formed Assemblies to pursue own interests -Equities evolve as subclass -Merchants- middle class

12 Tables (450 BCE) defined rights and privileges of citizens -political maturation of state paralleled law evolution -Senate, Assembly, 2 Consuls, Tribunes -civil law, basis for most legal systems on Earth

1-Nerva 96-98 CE, adoptive principle, successor chosen and groomed for power 2- Trajan 98-117 CE born outside Italy, military campaigns 3- Hadrian 117-138 CE built wall in Scotland 4- Antoninius Pius 138-161 CE relatively unknown 5- Marcus Aurelius 161-180 CE set up demilitarized zone in Darube to resettle German tribes, rushed around fringes of empire putting out fires

Major rebellion against Seleucid Rule in 167-160 BCE -Antiochus III seized Judea from Ptolemys in 198 BCE -Antiochus IV forced Hellenism on Judea -Hasmoneans score victories under Judas Maccabeus

Mashiach- anointed one ; descendant of David, will bring back full Torah, restore Kingdom, rebuild Temple, recreate Sanhedrin, reinstitute sacrifices -different from Christian form, Jewish messiah an earthly redeemer

Jesus of Nazareth, Yeshua ben Yosef or Yeshua ben Pantera -taught love for thy neighbors, forgiveness of sin, apocalypse and judgement, promise of afterlife

2nd most important work in Judaism -Mishnah- debates and rulings from 1st century BCE through 2nd CE, completed in 220 CE -Gemarah- commentaries on Mishnah

Paul of Tarsus 5-67 CE pursued mission to Gentiles, spread Christianity -Constantine legalized Christianity and removed stigma -Theodosius made it the official religion of the empire -Justinian promoted Christianity

to fight and die for religion and defend Christians from Pagans to push religiosity on others and police peers

entered Han Dynasty, spread slowly and faced persecutions in early centuries -religion became more important in tumultuous times as Confucianism was blamed for some disorder -politics remained non-religious -Fear of mongols led to Haeinsa scriptures- set of 81,258 wooden printing blocks

First emperor from 221 BCE, 14 year dynasty -harsh rule, mass executions, burned books and killed scholars -centralized bureaucracy, provincial governors and a single set of laws -single standard for currencies, weights, measures, axle widths -standardized writing -roads and bridges built -lavish tomb built by 700,000 laborers, terracotta army and sacrifices entombed with him

-Abu Bakr- first caliph ruled 632-634 CE and defeated ridda (apostacy), led to first wave of Muslim conquests, parts of Iraq and Syria taken -Umar- 2nd caliph 634-644 CE, took Syria, Ctesiphon, Jerusalem, Egypt, Armenia, completed conquest of Persian heartland -Uthman- 3rd caliph 644-656 CE, compromise candidate, appointed clansmen and nobles which alienated many, treated state wealth as his own, final text in Qur'an, assassinated -'Ali 4th caliph reigned 656-661 CE, challenged by 'A'isha (favored wife of Prophet) and defeated her in the Battle of the Camel, challenged by governor of Syria Mu'awiya, lost credibility through parley and Kharijites split from caliphate, killed in 661 by Kharijite

Mu'awiya combined charisma of tribal sheikh with centralized power of great king, descendants ruled from 661-750 CE, groomed son Yazid for power -Yazid challenged by 'Ali's son Husayn, Yazid had him and his supporters murdered at Karbala -Caused split- Sunni's on Umayyad's side, Shia with 'Ali -new capital of Damascus, conquered north Africa and Spain -conversion of Aramaic speakers in Mesopotamia and Syria -changed administrative language to Arabic from Greek and Persian -Conquests provided immense wealth and resources and population of Aramaic speakers -court grew decadent and separate from people, promotion of Arabs over other groups caused resentment of Umma -'Abbasid revolution 743 led by Abbas descendants, led to civil war until 750 when they defeated Umayyad forces at Great Battle of Zab and Umayyad family massacred -Refounded by 'Abd al-Rahman I 756-788

Who: Athens, Sparta When: 546 BCE Where: Greece, Athens, Sparta What: Poleis- city states Sparta: militaristic, anti-materialist, dominant land power preferring alliance, citizens were ruling class of professional soldiers Athens: first democracy- free adult males were citizens that debated and engaged in every part of government, smaller gap between rich and poor Significance: a polis was the source of each individual's national identity

Who: Persians, Greeks When: 500-479 BCE Where: Lydia, Ionia, Greece What: Persians conquered Lydia, then Ionia whom rebelled and drew Athenian and Corinthian support. Darius I invaded Greece, which went poorly in the Battle of Marathon. Xerxes I launched full invasion 480 BCE, Greeks banded under Spartan leadership. Leonidas defended Thermopylae with 300 men, allowed Greek troops to fall back and regroup. Persians got to Athens and burned temples. Athenian navy defeated Persians at Salamis, Spartans at Plataea, ensuring they wouldn't return. Significance: Revealed Greek jealousies, Athens created Delian League for mutual defense which turned into small empire with imposed democracy that was resented and rejected by many.

Who: Many Philosophers When: 4th c BCE Where: Greece What: Cynicism- taught divorce from material needs Epicureanism- avoid disturbance, master evil and good, reduce effort, moderation in everything Stoicism: Restraints on behavior necessary for happiness, rational order to universe, religion/philosophy Neoplatonism- world is series of emanations from one unknowable source Significance: Proved Hellenistic Period to be the pinnacle of open inquiry. The first state sponsored research institution was created- the Museum of Alexandria, a place for elites to engage in specialized study from a huge repository of books

Who: When: Where: What: Significance:

Who: Former soldiers, slaves When: Where: Italy, Latifundia What: Returning Roman soldiers found their land was seized and organized into massive plantations worked by slaves from war Significance: Led to slaves revolts and the Servile Wars

Who: Augustan, directed state's affairs When: 36 BCE- 14 AD, Augustan's Principate Where: Roman Empire What: Pax Romana- Roman Peace Significance: roads for commerce, soldiers and institutions in conquered territories

Who: Romans, Jews When: 1st 66-73 CE Where: Garrison, Jerusalem What: anti taxation protests and tensions with Hellinistic population, Garrison overrun, Vespasian & Titus invade, Jerusalem sieged & burned, Jews enslaved Significance: Wars fueled diaspora and Jews were dispersed throughout the empire

Who: Christians of different sects When: 1st through 4th c. CE Where: Roman Empire What: theological debates led major councils to decide on a doctrine, most importantly Constantine I's in 325 CE at Nicaea between Arianism and Athanasianism Ebionism- Jesus not God Arianism- Jesus not fully God Docetism- Jesus not human Apollinarian- Jesus not fully human Nestorianism- Jesus was two distinct persons Eutychianism- Jesus had one blended nature Significance: Overnight many Christians became heretics

Who/When: Confucianism: Kong Fuzi (Confucius 551-479 BCE) ; Mencius (372-289 BCE, stressed ren) ; Xunzi (298-238 BCE, stressed li), Legalism: Shang Yang (390-338 BCE) ; Han Feizi (280-233 BCE) Where: China What: Confucianism- good government depends on people and good governance produces good people, focused on past leaders' moral leadership and perfecting society through Ren (humanity) Li (propriety) and Xiao (filial pity) Daoism- criticism of Confucianism, peace through acceptance and wuwei (disengagement), focused on self-sufficiency, contemplation and natural harmony, striving to change things caused lack of harmony Legalism- emphasized law, order and efficiancy over virtue, collective punishment, ends justify means, Significance: contrast between Confucianism and Daoism, but they could co exist by focusing on different aspects of both, while legalism unified China

Who: Bantu peoples, Mansa Musa of Mali (1312-1337) When: 8000 BCE- Where: Sub Saharan Africa: Sudan (8000), Mali (Sahel), Djenne (200 BCE), Timbuktu (1100), Zimbabwe (13th c), Swahili East Africa, Mobasa (Kenya), Zanzibar (Tanzania) What: small kinship based societies until medieval period, chieftains knitted clans into kingdoms and then urban states with large armies and social structures Significance:

Who: Muhammad of Quraysh tribe of Banu Hashim clan When: Born 570, Where: Born in Mecca, sent to Bedouin, What: spent life meditating, heard whisper from God saying he was Messenger in 610 at 40 years old, Gabriel ordered Prophet to recite even though he tried to avoid this. Khadija then 'Ali then Abu Bakr converted, most converts from lower classes. Muhammad has guts removed in Ka'bu, Buraq flies him to Jerusalem to pray at furthest mosque and he ascends through heavens and chats with prophets. Meccan Period 610-622 was his uncompromising monotheism Medinan Period 622-632 was for social and political vision with longer verses - Significance: