Microbiology for the Healthcare Professional Answers – Flashcards

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LAYERS OF SKIN

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  • Epidermis - 5 layers formed by mitosis
  • Dermis - Papillary Layer & Reticular Layer -- VITAL
  • Hypodermis - Loose connective adipose
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BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

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  • Abcesses - Localized collection of pus - superficial pustules, pimples, furuncles, boils, carbuncles, pyogenic groups of hair follicles, deep skin abcesses
  • Spreading Infections - Can be limited to epidermis or can involve subcutaneous fat
  • Necrotizing Infections - Death of infected tissue - flesh eating bacteria
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STAPHLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS

-bacterial -

-Staph-

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  • Most common bacterial skin infections
  • Part of normal flora
  • Do not cause harm unless there is a break in skin
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FURUNCLES (BOILS)

-bacterial -

-Staph-

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  • Causitive Agent - Staphloccus aureus
  • Hot Tub exposure to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa & Pseudomonas Folliculitis
  • Occure in hair follicles - face, neck, butt, thighs, armpit
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CELLULITIS

-bacterial -

-Staph-

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  • Acute infection of dermis / subcutaneous
  • Caused by S. Aureus, Streptcocci
  • Redness, swelling, warmth,pain, tenderness
  • Systemic anitbiotics, cold compress, analgesics are needed
  • Most common - lower legs, arms, hands
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IMPETIGO (PYODERMA)

-bacterial -

-Staph-

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  • Superficial infection limited to epidermis
  • Common in kids, but not limited
  • Cause: S. aureus and group B. streptocci in children
  • Passed via contact sports and vectors
  • Treatment: Topical, oral antibiotics, hygiene
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STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS

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  • Usually secondary infection
  • Glomerulonephritis can occur due to antibiotic treatment
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ERYSIPELAS

-bacterial-

-strep-

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  • Acute Infection
  • Caused by Group A Strep
  • Used to only infect face, but now affects legs as well
  • Breakouts have raised edge and sharp borders
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ACUTE NECROTIZING FASCIITIS

-bacterial-

strep

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  • Flesh eating bacteria
  • Uncommon infection in deeper tissue
  • Aerobic and Anerobic bacteria present
  • Necrosis due to virulent strain of S. Pyogenes (GRAM POSITIVE GROUP A STREP)
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ACNE

-bacterial-

strep

 

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  • Cause: Propionibacterium acnes
  • Lives in fatty acids secreted by sebacous glands - skin oil
  • Adolescents mostly effected
  • Tetracycline-resistant P. acnes becoming common
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LEPROSY

-bacterial-

strep

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  • HANSONS DISEASE
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • Infected many but now limited throughout the world
  • Not very contagious
  • Skin, mucus membrane, nerves
  • Overcrowding and poor hygiene thought to be the cause
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VIRAL INFECTIONS

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  • Most common cause of acute infections not requiring hospitalizations
  • Some via skin, some via insect bite
  • Few via animal bite, needles, transfusion, acupuncture
  • Some viruses can enter via resp tract and infect skin - measles, rubella, chicken-pox
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WARTS

-viral-

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  • Caused by HPV
  • Mostly on hands and feet
  • Direct Contact, Fomites, Autoinoculation
  • Treatment - Salicyic and lactic acid, freezing with nitrogen, electrodesiccation, laser surgery
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HERPES SIMPLEX

-virus-

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  • Painful watery blisters
  • Skin, mucous membranes, lips, genitals
  • HSV1-Fever blister on lips and mouth
  • HSV2 - Genital herpes
  • Can remain dormant and activate with uv, xray,heat, cold, stress, hormones
  • Treatments reduce duration - CAN NOT BE CURED
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VARICELLA-ZOSTER

-virus-

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  • Form of herpes
  • Manifest as chicken pox
  • When contracted later in life, get herpes zoster "SHINGLES"
  • Transmission: Resp droplets or secretions
  • Can be latent and reactivate replicating along neural pathways causing rash along dermatome
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MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM

-virus-

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  • Caused by POXVIRUS
  • Raised pearl like papules or nodules on skin
  • More common in children
  • Contagious and spread via direct contact including fomites and sexual contact
  • Can NOT infect palms or soles of feet
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ROSEOLA INFANTUM

-virus-

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  • SIXTHS DISEASE
  • HHV-6 HHV-7 self limiting disease in children 6m-2y
  • High grade fever 102-104 for 3-5 days followed by a skin rash starting on trunk spreading to limbs
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SMALLPOX

-virus-

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  • Acute contagious disease
  • Caused by VARILA VIRUS which is part of ORTHOPOXVIRUS family
  • One of the most devastating diseases of all time
  • Transmit: person to person via contact with skin lesions or secretions of resp tract
  • 1967 WHO eradicated smallpox with vaccine from Edward Jenner. By 1979 smallpox was nearly gone
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FUNGAL INFECTIONS

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  • Classified as Mycoses and are generally parasites that can present mild infections. When the immune system is compromised however, fungal infections can be very serious!!
  • Live off living or dead organic matter
  • Many fungi live on damp surfaces - public showers and locker rooms
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TINEAS

-fungal-

 

 

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  • RINGWORM
  • Superficial infection affecting skin, nails and hair
  • Named on body part infected
  • Live off dead epidermis for food
  • DERMATOPHYTES most common form
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TINEA CAPITIS

-fungal-

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  • Infection of the scalp - CRADLE CAP
  • Bald patches due to destruction of hail follicles
  • Common in school aged children
  • Microsporum Canis - from cats and dogs
  • Trichophyton Tonsurans - from humans
  • Oral anti fungals for treatment
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TINEA CORPORIS

fungal

 

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  • Can affect the body anywhere
  • Contagious by shower mats, walls, pools
  • Can present symptoms of ringworm and burning
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TINEA VERSICOLOR

-fungal-

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  • Is NOT contagious
  • Comes in form on yeast rather than fungal
  • Caused by Malassezia furfur / pityrosporum ovale
  • Skin may be uneven in color for several weeks
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TINEA CRURIS

-fungal-

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  • JOCK ITCH
  • Mainly in men
  • Caused by friction of clothing, moisture, sweat
  • Transmitted: Skin to skin contact or jock strap
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TINEA UNGUIUM

-fungal-

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  • Called ONYCHOMYCOSIS
  • Infects mostly toenails
  • Can be caused by untreated fungal infections
  • At risk: Diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, artificial nails, close fitting rubber foot wear, older women
  • Difficult to cure and may return
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TINEA PEDIS

-fungal-

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  • ATHLETES FOOT
  • Thrives in warm, humid enviornments
  • Caused by TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM
  • Most common of tinea infections
  • Contagious - direct contact or fomites
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CUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS

-fungal-

 

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  • Caused by yeast (Candida albicans - common form of diaper rash)
  • Normal flora- oral, genital and large intestine
  • Infectious when immunocompromised
  • Diabetes, obesity, antibiotics and rubber gloves cause increased risk
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SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES

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  • Fungal disease that penetrates dermis or deeper layers after trauma
  • Mainly in the tropics
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CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSES

-sub-q fungal-

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  • Limited mostly to subcutaneous tissue
  • Localized fungal infections
  • Mainly in lower extremities
  • Bone, muscle and tendon often involved
  • Often caused by thorns and splinters
  • Antibiotics may cause secondary bacterial infections
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MYCETOMAS

-sub-q fungal-

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  • Chronic infection
  • Occurs at site of injury and gets into deeper tissue
  • Presents as subcutaneous nodule
  • May be caused by actinomycetes which are bacteria that form filaments
  • Found in soik and plants in tropics
  • Often associated with injuries of feet
  • May require amputation
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SPOROTRICHOSIS

-sub-q fungal-

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  • Caused by SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII
  • Soil, plant material
  • Thorns, barbs, pine needles
  • Noncontagious - presents as painless bumps resembling insect bite
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