Microbiology Exam #2 Review – Flashcards
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| cytoplasm |
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| Glycolysis takes place in the _______ |
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| Glycolysis |
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| Glucose is broken into two pyruvates through an oxidation-reduction reaction during which glucose is oxidized and NAD is reduced to form NADH. |
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| 2 pyruvates 2 ATP 2 NADH |
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| Glycolysis produces: |
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| Phosphorylation |
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| ATP is formed through ________ of ADP. |
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| Fermentation |
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| The conversion of pyruvate to alcohols and acids |
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| Pasteurization |
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| Heating food to between 55-60C to get rid of bacteria and then cover it up. |
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| Matrix of the mitochondria |
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| The Krebs cycle occurs in the _________. |
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| Acetate |
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| Two carbons formed from the decarboxylation of the three carbon pyruvate in the Krebs cycle. |
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| Acetyl CoA |
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| Transfers electrons to organize acids in the Krebs cycle |
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| 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 CO2 |
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| The Krebs cycle produces: |
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| cristae |
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| The electron transport chain takes place in the _________. |
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| Electron transport chain |
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| 2 FADH and 8 NADH attach to the cristae in order to detach energy from their electrons |
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| 32 ATP |
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| The electron transport chain produces: |
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| 36 ATP |
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| one molecule of glucose produces: |
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| oxygen |
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| _______ is the final receptor of electrons |
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| culture |
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| Growth of organism outside the body is called _______. |
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| Lag phase |
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| intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population. |
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| Log phase |
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| Logarithmic or exponential increase in population. |
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| Stationary phase |
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| Period of equilibrium where microbial deaths balance the production of new cells. |
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| Death phase |
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| Population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate. |
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| J-curve |
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| Lag phase and Log phase is called the ______. |
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| S-curve |
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| Stationary and death phase is called the ______. |
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| Microbial growth |
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| Growth in number not size microbes. |
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| Broth |
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| liquid media |
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| Discrete colony |
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| result of microbial growth; an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell |
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| Chemically defined media |
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| Growth of chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs; microbiological assays (used in research). |
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| Complex media |
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| Growth of most chemo-heterotrophic organisms; can be formed by food. |
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| Reducing media |
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| Growth of obligate anaerobes; (sodium thioglycolate) |
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| Selective media |
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| Suppression of unwanted microbes; encouraging desired microbes. |
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| Differential media |
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| Differentiation of colonies of desired microbes from others. |
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| Enrichment media |
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| Similar to selective media but designed to increase the number of desired microbes to detectable levels. |
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| Autotrophs |
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| organisms that use inorganic carbon sources to create energy containing organic molecules; plants are a prime example. |
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| Heterotrophs |
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| Organisms that catabolize food sources from organic molecules; animals |
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| Photoautotrophs |
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| Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that use H20 to reduce CO2, producing O2 as a byproduct. |
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| Photoheterotrophs |
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| Green non-sulfur and purple non-sulfur bacteria; rare. |
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| Chemoautotrophs |
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| Hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrifying bacteria. |
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| most animals, fungi, protozoa, and many bacteria |
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| What organisms undergo aerobic respiration? |
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| some animals and bacteria |
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| What organisms undergo anaerobic respiration? |
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| Chemoheterotrophs |
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| The most common organisms that undergo aerobic or anaerobic respiration |
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| Facultative anaerobes |
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| can maintain life via fermentation or anaerobic respiration or by aerobic respiration; (commonly infect humans). |
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| Aerotolerant anaerobes |
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| Does not use aerobic metabolism but contains some enzymes that detoxify oxygen's poisonous forms |
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| Microaerophiles |
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| microbes that require oxygen within levels of 2-10% |
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| Nitrogen fixation |
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| The reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia; essential to life on earth. |
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| 760mmHg |
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| Atmospheric pressure |
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| Psychrophiles |
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| organisms that grow optimally at around 10C |
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| Mesophiles |
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| Microorganisms that grow optimally at 35-40C; can grow in human bodies. |
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| Thermophiles |
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| microorganisms that grow optimally at 65-70C |
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| Hyperthermophiles |
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| microorganisms that grow optimally at 95-100C |
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| DNA |
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| A-T-C-G |
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| RNA |
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| A-U-C-G |
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| 36 |
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| Respiration produces _______ ATP from one molecule of glucose. |
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| water and CO2 |
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| The two waste products of respiration are ________ and _______. |
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| Genome |
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| the entire genetic complement of an organism; nucleotides and genes. |
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| Prokaryotic genome |
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| DNA not in nucleus, nucleoid that is found in cytoplasm, 1 DNA, circular DNA, and contained in two structures; chromosome and plasmid. |
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| Eukaryotic genome |
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| DNA in nucleus, 2 or more DNA, linear DNA. |
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| Homologues and autosomes (similar) |
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| Chromosomes 1-22 in a human karyotype are ________ |
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| non-homologous or heterologous |
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| Chromosome 23 in a male human karyotype is ________ |
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| Chromosome 23 in human male |
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| XY |
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| Chromosome 23 in human females |
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| XX |
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| semi-conservative |
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| DNA replication is __________ |
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| Interphase |
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| DNA replication occurs during the ________ of mitosis |
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| Prophase |
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| The cell loses the nuclear membrane during the _________ in mitosis. |
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| Metaphase |
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| Chromosomes align in the middle during the ________ of mitosis |
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| Anaphase |
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| The distribution of chromosomes in the upper and lower portion of the cell occurs during the ______ in mitosis. |
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| Telophase |
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| Two new nuclear membranes are formed and cytokinesis begins to take place by invagination of cell membrane; this occurs in the _______ of mitosis. |
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| Barophile |
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| bacteria that lives in certain pressures such as hydrostatic pressure |
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| colony forming unit |
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| CFU |
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| Lungs |
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| Sputum comes from the _______. |
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| Spermatogonia |
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| Immature male sex cells |
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| Oogonia |
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| immature female sex cell |
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| Spermatozoa |
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| mature haploid male sex cell with tails |
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| Egg |
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| Mature haploid female sex cell. |
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| Independent assortment |
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| DNA is exchanged with random homologous chromosomes; you never know where each chromosome is going to end up. |
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| Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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| picks up all of the amino acids needed to form the proteins and goes into the rough ER. |
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| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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| Prepares the ribosome which is where the cell prepares proteins. |
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| Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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| Initiates protein synthesis. |
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| mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA |
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| Transcription produces ______ |
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| proteins |
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| Translation produces ______. |
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| Embryo |
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| Formed when a spermatozoa enters the egg and fertilizes creating a diploid cell. |
