Microbiology ch 19 proprofs – Flashcards

Systematics

Nomenclature

Identification

Taxonomy

Classification

Phenetic

Phylogenetic

Which of the following is useful in biological systematics? A. Physiology B. Epidemiology C. Ecology D. All of the choices

Taxa

Microorganisms do not generally reproduce sexually; therefore, species are usually defined by phenotypic and genotypic similarities.

Polyphasic

Strain

Which of the following is an example of the use of the binomial system devised by Linnaeus? A. Escherichia coli B. Enterobacteriaceae C. Enterobacteriales D. O157:H7

The organisms in which of the following are more closely related? A. Order B. Family C. Class D. Phylum

The binomial system of nomenclature assigns each organism a scientific name consisting of A. Species and strain. B. Kingdom and species. C. Genus and species. D. Kingdom and genus.

Serovars are strains of a species that have distinctive antigenic properties. A. True B. False

Microbial species are collections of strains that share many stable properties in common but differ significantly from other strains. A. True B. False

The type strain is a well-characterized strain to which other strains are compared for inclusion in or exclusion from a particular species. A. True B. False

The type strain is the most representative strain of a particular species. A. True B.

Bacterial strains that are characterized by biochemical differences are called __________.

Bacterial strains that have distinct antigenic properties are called __________.

The general order of classification below the domain or kingdom level is A. phyla, order, class, family, genus, species. B. phyla, order, family, class, genus, species. C. phyla, class, family, order, genus, species. D. Phyla, class, order, family, genus, species.

Mole percent (G+C) of DNA is useful for determining relatedness at the __________ level.

Stable annealing due to hydrogen bonding between DNAs of similar nucleotide sequence from different organisms is referred to as A. Hydrolysis B. Restriction C. Hybridization D. Ligation

The temperature at which half of the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule have separated from each other is called the __________ temperature. A. Separation B. Melting C. Destabilizing D. Mobilization

Which of the following is not true about the G + C content percentages in DNA of organisms? A. Organisms with similar G + C percentages have similar base sequences. B. Organisms with different G + C percentages have dissimilar base sequences. C. Similar G + C percentages only suggests relatedness if the two organisms are also alike phenotypically. D. All of these are true about the G + C percentages of organisms.

Conserved indels are A. a type of transposable sequence characteristic of particular genus and useful for taxonomic analysis B. sequences in eukaryotic mRNAs that are removed by RNA splicing C. a type of signature sequence particularly useful for phylogenetic analysis D. Sequences of protein coding genes that are found altered in related species due to their tendency to accumulate small deletions

The analysis of genetic relatedness by observing the DNA fragmentation patterns resulting from restriction endonuclease cleavage is referred to as A. Genetic fingerprinting B. Genetic patterning. C. Genetic restriction. D. None of the choices

rRNA signature sequences can be used to place microorganisms in the correct domain. A. True B. False

The G + C content of a DNA sample can be estimated from its TM of a DNA. A. True B. False

Conjugation is useful for determining relatedness between bacteria at the species level because it never occurs between organisms of different genera. A. True B. False

Phylogenetic trees are usually constructed using either a distance-based ___________ approach, or a characteristic _________ approach. (answer, answer)

An unrooted tree containing four unrelated species can become rooted by adding A. A descendant group related to two of the species B. An unrelated outgroup C. A distantly related outgroup D. A descendant related to only one of the species

Phylogenetic trees show inferred evolutionary relationships in the form of multiple branching lineages connected by nodes. A. True B. False

Transformation is not useful in determining relatedness between two organisms because it frequently crosses genera. A. True B. False

The _____________ hypothesis proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts developed from free-living prokaryotes that invaded a precursor to the eukaryotes and established a stable relationship.

Chromosomal gene exchange is not useful in classification studies because prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually. A. True B. False

Extensive horizontal gene transfer between domains greatly simplifies the construction of phylogenetic trees. A. True B. False

Numerical taxonomy was made practical with the advent of A. The compound microscope. B. The electron microscope. C. Computers D. Nucleotide sequencing.

Small, random genetic changes that occur over generations is known as A. Microgenesis B. Progenesis C. Degenesis D. Anagenesis

According to genome analysis, a member of the genus ______________is most closely related to the mitochondrion. A. Escherichia B. Agrobacterium C. Prochloron D. Rickettsia

According to the endosymbiosis hypothesis A. The first endosymbiotic event involved an anaerobic bacterium. B. The first endosymbiont was a fermentative organism. C. the mitochondrion evolved from the same endosymbiont as the hydrogenosome. D. All of the choices

The ancestors of modern _______________ performed the oxygenic photosynthesis responsible for converting our anoxic planet to an oxygenated one. A. Crenarchaeota B. Proteobacteria C. Firmicutes D. Cyanobacteria

A theoretical concept that is used to understand how and why certain organisms can be sorted into discrete taxonomic groups is known as the A. Endosymbiotic theory. B. Species concept. C. Phylogenetic concept. D. Genotypic concept.

The pace of evolution does not always occur at a constant rate but is periodically interrupted by rapid bursts of speciation; this is known as _________ ________. (2 words)

Numerical taxonomy is based primarily on the percent DNA sequence homology. A. True B. False

Which of the following is true about Bergey's Manual? A. The first edition is mostly phenetic while the second edition is more phylogenetic. B. The first edition is largely phylogenetic while the second edition is more phenetic. C. The first and second editions are both largely phenetic. D. The first and second editions are both largely phylogenetic.

Although there are other classification schemes for prokaryotes, the one used in Bergey's Manual is currently considered by most microbiologists to be the most . A. True B. False

The second edition of Bergey's Manual classifies bacteria A. Phylogenetically B. Phonetically C. Numerically D. None of the choices

The second edition of Bergey's manual groups pathogenic species together rather than in phylogenetic groups. A. True B. False