Microbial Metabolism Test Questions – Flashcards
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| What is anabolism? |
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| Synthesis reactions AKA building UP |
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| What is Catabolism? |
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| Lysis reactions AKA breaking DOWN |
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| What are enzymes? |
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| Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions. |
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| What happens during an reaction with enzymes? |
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| A reactant (substrate) binds to a specific binding site (active site) on the enzyme resulting in a lowering of the reaction's activation energy. |
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| So an enzyme lowers a reaction's... |
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| activation energy |
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| What do enzyme reactions usually require? |
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| Specific cofactors. |
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| Where do organic cofactors come from? What else are they called? |
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| Vitamins. Also called COENZYMES |
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| Where do inorganic cofactors include? |
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| Fe, Zn, Mg, and Cu |
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| What are 3 enzyme-catalyzed reactions? |
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| 1.)Dehydration synthesis reaction 2.)Hydrolysis 3.)Oxidation-reduction (redox) rxn |
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| What is oxidation? |
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| The gaining of an oxygen atom or the loss of a hydrogen atom. |
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| So if you are losing a hydrogen atom, what else are you losing during an oxidation reaction? |
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| Losing an electron. -e |
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| What is reduction? |
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| The loss of an oxygen atom or the gaining of a hydrogen atom. |
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| So if you are gaining a hydrogen atom, what else are you gaining during a reduction reaction? |
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| Gaining an electron. -e |
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| What is the first step of energy harnessed from an electron? |
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| E- donor loses an electron (oxidation) which is then taken up by an e- acceptor (reduction) |
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| After the reduction rxn takes place, how is energy released? |
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| Every time the H (e-) is transferred, energy is released. |
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| What are the immediate acceptors of (E-)? They are also called ______. Then the E- must be transferred to the FINAL acceptor which is? |
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| NAD and FAD which becomes NADH + FADH2. Also called COENZYMES. O2. |
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| What are 5 factors affecting enzyme activity? |
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| 1.)temperature 2.)pH 3.)Osmotic Pressure 4.)Cofactors 5.)Enzyme Inhibitors |
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| Optimal temperature is when enzymes function at their ______. Most enzymes die at what temperature? |
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| best. 100. |
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| What happens to enzymes at a higher temperature than optimal? |
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| The reaction takes place too quickly resulting in distorted/useless products. |
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| What happens to enzymes that have a temperature that is TOO high? |
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| The enzyme is permanently destroyed. There is no recovery. |
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| What happens to enzymes at lower temperatures than optimal? |
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| The reaction takes place too slowly resulting in insufficient amounts of the product. |
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| What is the pH range for best enzyme function? |
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| 5-8. Slightly acidic/slightly basic. Neutrophilic bacteria. |
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| What does higher or lower pH result in? |
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| Distorted/useless/no product. |
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| Does pH physically destroy an enzyme? |
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| NO. |
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| What type of environment do most enzymes prefer? |
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| Hypotonic or Isotonic. |
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| What happens when an enzyme is in a hypertonic environment? |
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| Distorted/useless/no product. |
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| What are cofactors? If there are none? |
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| Non-protein helpers that must be present for an enzyme to function. No product can be created. |
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| What are enzyme inhibitors? |
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| Chemicals that inhibit enzyme fxn. |
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| What is a competitive inhibitor? |
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| An inhibitor that competes for the active site with the substrate. Can be permanent or temporary. |
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| What is a noncompetitive inhibitor? |
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| An inhibitor that binds to other places other than the active site therefore CHANGING the active site to where it has bound itself. Can be permanent or temporary. |
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| What kind of control makes enzyme inhibitors reversible? |
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| Allosteric control. |
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| What is an example of allosteric control? |
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| When the body does not need ATP, an inhibitor blocks the enzyme that creates it. Negative feedback. |
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| What is an example of a non-reversible enzyme inhibitor? |
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| Penicillin. It blocks the enzyme that makes peptidoglycan. All cillins work this way. |
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| Which is the only thing that destroys the actual enzyme and not the way it works? |
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| EXTREMELY HIGH TEMPERATURE> |
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| What is ATP? |
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| Energy necessary for most cellular activities. Stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. |
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| What is ATP composed of? |
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| Adenine, Ribose and 3PO-4 |
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| Where is the energy stored in ATP? |
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| The high energy phosphate bonds and is released when they are broken. |
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| ATP -> ADP + P releases or requires energy? |
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| releases. |
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| ADP + P -> ATP releases or requires energy? |
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| requires. |
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| What are the 4 mechanisms used for ATP creation? |
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| Glycolysis, pre-Kreb's, Kreb's, Electron Transport Chain. |
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| How many ATP can a prokaryote create through these 4 steps? |
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| 38 |
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| What happens during glycolysis? |
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| Glycolysis --> 2 Pyruvate(Pyruvic Acid) Using 2 ATP --> 4 ATP & 2 NADH. So there is NET GAIN of 2 ATP/2 NADH |
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| Where are the NADH that were created taken to? |
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| The electron transport chain. |
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| What happens during pre-Kreb's? What has to be present for this to occur? |
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| O2 MUST BE PRESENT. Happens TWICE. 2 Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA -2C -2H +2 O2 2 CO2 + 2 NADH |
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| What is the Kreb's Cycle also called? |
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| Citric Acid Cycle / TCA Cycle |
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| How many times does the Kreb's Cycle occur? |
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| Twice |
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| What is the result of the Kreb's Cycle? |
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| The oxidation of 4 carbon atoms. |
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| Acetyl CoA combines with _________ acid to create ________ acid. |
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| oxaloacetic/citric |
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| Then, citric acid goes through a number of reactions to be converted back into ________ acid. |
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| oxaloacetic acid. |
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| The C from Acetyl CoA is oxidized creating _____ _____ per cycle. (___ total) |
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| 2 CO2 / 4 |
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| How many ATP are produced per cycle? Total? |
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| 1 per cycle. 2 total. |
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| How many NADH are produced per cycle? Total? |
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| 3 per cycle. 6 total. |
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| How many FADH2 are produced per cycle? Total? |
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| 1 per cycle. 2 total. |
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| What is the electron transport chain? |
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| A series of redox reactions. |
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| The E-/H is transferred from _____ & _____ to O2 resulting in ______. |
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| NADH & FADH2. H2O. |
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| What is O2 considered? |
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| The final electron acceptor. |
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| What kind of energy is used to pump H+ into the cell? |
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| Redox energy |
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| What does this pumping of H+ in the cell create? |
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| A higher concentration in the ICF. |
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| What happens after the concentration is greater in the ICF? |
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| H+ is moved out through ATPsynthase which creates ATP as it moves out of the cell. |
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| How much ATP can 1 NADH create? |
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| 3 |
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| How much ATP can FADH2 create? |
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| 2 |
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| So, during glycolysis how many molecules of ATP are created? |
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| 2 ATP + 2 NADH (3 ATP are produced per 1 NADH) = 2 ATP + 6 ATP(NADH) = 8 ATP |
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| During Pre-Krebs, how many molecules of ATP are created? |
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| 2 NADH = 6 ATP + 8 from glycolysis = 14 ATP |
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| During the Kreb's Cycle, how many molecules of ATP are created? |
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| 2 ATP 6 NADH = 18 ATP 2 FADH = 4 ATP ________________ 24 ATP + 14 from previous steps = 38 ATP! |
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| What is the difference between anaerobic cellular respiration and aerobic? |
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| Anaerobic does NOT use O2 so wherever O2 is used in aerobic, an oxygen containing salt is put in its place. Same products! |
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| What is fermentation? |
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| Incomplete glycolysis of Glucose. |
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| Does fermentation require O2? |
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| No. |
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| When does fermentation occur? |
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| After Glycolysis when O2 is not present. |
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| Pyruvate is converted to either an _____ or an ______ and NADH is converted to _____. |
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| alcohol/acid/NAD |
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| What are the 2 types of fermentation? |
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| Alcoholic and Acidic |
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| What are the results of alcoholic fermentation? |
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| 2 ATP, CO2 and an alcohol USUALLY ethanol. |
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| What are the results of acidic fermentation? |
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| 2 ATP and an acid such as lactic or butyric. NO CO2. |
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| Does Photosynthesis produce any ATP itself? |
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| NO. |
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| What type of organism carries out photosynthesis? |
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| Phototroph |
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| What is chlorophyll's fxn? |
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| Absorbs solar energy and uses it to energize E- |
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| Where is chlorophyll found? |
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| Plants, algae and cyanobacteria. |
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| What is oxygenic photosynthesis? |
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| Take in H20 -> Produce O2 |
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| What is an example of bacteriochlorophylls? What is its function? |
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| Cyanobacteria. Same as chlorophyll. |
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| What two groups of bacteria are bacteriochlorophylls found in? |
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| Purple and green bacteria. |
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| Do bacteriochlorophylls absorb the same type of light as chlorophyll? |
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| No, absorb different types of light that allows these bacteria to live in different environments. |
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| Bacteriochlorophylls are involved in _________ photosynthesis which is? |
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| Anoxygenic --> take in H2 or H2SO4 and DO NOT produce oxygen. |
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| What are the two possible pathways of a light-dependent reaction? |
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| cyclic or non-cyclic |
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| What happens during the cyclic pathway? Where does the electron that is being energized come from? |
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| Anoxygenic photosynthesis. Used to create ATP ONLY. Electron comes from its own chlorophyll. |
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| What happens during the non-cyclic pathway? Where does the electron that is being energized come from? |
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| Oxygenic photosynthesis. Used to create ATP, NADH, and O2. Electron comes from an outside source. |
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| What is a light-independent reaction? |
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| The organism uses energy from light reaction (already made ATP) to convert CO2 to an organic molecule. |
