MFCO202 Summary of Definitions – Flashcards

John Habermas 17 century- emergence of social domain distinct from court society social sphere (coffee houses) where private citizens has reasoned debates about political issues to come to consensus. - done outside governmental institutions to encourage change within legislation

Stuart Hall Process that constitutes and communicates meaning, which is achieved through language signifiers/ semiotics (words, numbers, images sound etc) ideology works to make the meaning if a sign fixed, however meaning is socially constructed - nothing is truthfully represented. Audiences, active and will read a text in different ways depending on (culture, gender, age, status) - Events cant be misrepresented, everything is objective to the producer. Being misrepresented is a quality of being represented - Issues occur when a representation is taken as a reflection = causes stereotypes asians = nerds blondes= dumb jocks= bullys

Alan Mckee - univeralistic model= assumes everyones has the same needs. Therefore is one best form of public speaking. Supported by equality, freedom, empirialism and rationalism new forms of media have declined the public sphere (larger amount of opinion makes it harder to come to a consensus) Modernism is criticised, that forms of high and low culture means there should be more than one public sphere cultural difference is a problem. Equity is created through being informed about important issues and discussing them

Alan Mckee Adversarial model- different groups have their own experiences multiple public spheres, based on identity politics supports simulacra spectacle and difference opinion: new forms of communication have encouraged enlightenment, making it easier for more people to access the public sphere = cultures are equal - critique that multiple spheres makes it hard to come to a consensus

= post modernity adversrial model- different groups have distinct experiences , therefore need to represent themselves Identity politics= individuals identify themselves as members of a marganalized ethnicity, nationality, gender, religion or sexuality. Therefore using their identities to advocate for issues that see related to them Critique= multiple public spheres makes it harder to come to a consensus created groups marganisation, works against creating real opportunities for marginalization, because it points out their difference rather than full acceptance and integrating them into mainstream culture

Nancy Fraser contest the exclusion of bourgeois culture- post modernism- opposed to domiant voice, by reflecting the issues of margasnized people (identity politics) aim to broaden discussion in issues previously considered unworthy in public debate e.g. 'advocate' - entertainment, news related to LGBT - Still follow public sphere, in requiring rational debate that comes to a consensus

Rolands Barthes Refers to not naming a cultural, race, sexual characteristic of an individual. Because following a bourgeois hegemony, you are assumed to be white, male, middle class and heterosexual unless otherwise stated. e.g. Harry Potter Harry potters ethnicity is not stated , but inferred through the description 'black hair greeneyes' however Zabini and Cho Chang are specifically stated as being black and asian Those who follow bourgeuis seen to be speaking for whole community. However those with oppositional traits, are seen to be addressing their counter publics Hillary Clinton- first female president? only seen to be speaking to the female public in comparison

James Bohman Refers to the digitalisation of communication, that has allowed for transnational and cosmopolitan forms of the public of publics. optimistic: cheaper, one-one and one-many modes of communication are unbound by space, cosmopolitan view= well rounded worldly citizen pessimistic: creates a public of publics, that can't be unified therefore it detrimental to the public sphere

Nigel Thrift space is socially constructed temporary settlements which divide and connect things up into different kinds of collectives, which render them durable and sustainable. They include empirical constructions, flow of space, image space and place space. place: refers to the process whereby space are ordered in ways that affect embodied potentials

Historical process in which religion losses its social and cultural significance. Knowledge and law are based on secularised means, rather than religion which is now privatised. shift to construct space around moderanism. Instead of church being central to a city. Buildings and routes are based on function through zoning residential, commercial and industrial zones critiques argue that secularisation is broad and generalising. although space reorganised around modernism, doesn't mean religion is less important or powerful

Didier Bigo The ability to move freely or easily. Controlled by desirable and undesirable forms of movement. This is linked to class, the richer you are the more mobile your movement is through space. Space is supposed to be neutrl, however it is regulated by gender, social and religious norms e.g. transgender bathrooms not available, transgender lack mobility, in terms of distance of finding acceptable bathrooms, maybe limited to day time harassed by drunks at night.

How popular culture and everyday life are features in helping define politics. These features move away from a narrow concern with traditional politics. Influenced by counter publics and identity politics. Typically laws created based on the norms, gay marriage was encourages with the likes of celebrities and the media shows which brought it into attention e.g. maclemores 'same love'

Antonio Gramsci Dominant ideology reinforced by institutions of high power. Therefore it appears the most truthful and common sense. ideologies represent the world in a way that legistimises the interest of dominant groups. They create discourse with gets consent from the oppressed. Capitalism, works in the favour of shareholders (upper class) achieved by creating the 'work hard, play hard' stigma. That anyone can become successful. This is demonstrated in shows like britan benefits, which frames those of low class as being lazy leading to their bad lifestyle, rather then creating sympathy for those who can't break out of a low class family cycle

Louis Althusser set of social beliefs by which people collectively makes sense of the world. In a way that appears common sense and beneficial to society. Ideologies are constructed by institutions of power (education, law , family) therefore there are multiple ideologies in conflict with one another. The ideology that appears the most truthful becomes hegemonic. smoking= social and empower created by media smoking= taboo , unhealthy

Promotes highly competitive environment of individual , self centred consumers. Who is indifferent to the greater responsibilities of citizenship. The citizen becomes and entrepreneur of the self, producting and investing in there self, in order to achieve higher status through success. nation-state gone to market-state, with the primary agenda of facilitating global capital accumulation education now neoliberalistic, rather than being public good. It focuses on getting students in and out as fast as possible- notion of buying a degree, rather than learning to become a worldly citizen.

Louis Althusser The process of calling a subject position into being in order to create a power relation. Identity isn't self generated its done externally, as we submit ourselves to power. This is how Ideology is naturalised. In media texts this is evident through the reference to 'our, we and you' Can only be interpellated if you understand the system e.g. how can we beat the boys of down under? reference to world cup, with boys down under being a term to describe australians. The term we suggest that all New Zealanders are supporters of the All Blacks.

Louis Althusser Hailing is a mode of address that gets us to accept ideology through interpellation. Specifically through the reference of 'you, we and our' which works by calling a subject position into being. Therefore creating a power relation. Identity isn't self generated. identity is made externally , and we submit ourselves which makes us subjects to the environment .g. how can we beat the boys of down under? reference to world cup, with boys down under being a term to describe australians. The term we suggest that all New Zealanders are supporters of the All Blacks.

Stanley Cohen when a particular social threat is identified and made undesirable to rational thinking people through debate. This cultural deviance is created by 'moral entrepreneurs' who turn small marginalised groups/ topics and make them a large threat. This is achieved through ''moral' campaign crusades, which created simple stylised sterotypes, feed into the media. To win approval of the public. Accredited experts with cultural capital, are used to legitimized the campaign, by producing a diagnoises and solution to deal with the folk devils. The most important aspect is that the discourse needs to go viral. Sucide solution case- suggest that heavy metal music makes children commit sucidical. Targeted bands like marilyn manson This was accredited by experts who suggested there was subminal messages. this lead to banning of heavy metal concerts, because of protests

Dick Hebdige and Pierre Bourdeiu Studying groups that have their own, language, mode of dress and cultural capital. They challenge or subvert dominant ideologies within pop-culture There ideology is linked through practice, to challenge or reaffirm different ideologies

marginalized popularised groups that challenge the resistant to dominant ideologies. they challenge hegemony by taking common item and resiginifying them into stylistic meaning. power relies in stylistic visibility, to work as a distinction from the norm. Seen as exclusive and requiring cultural capital to become a part of the group. Their rebellion is demissed by the media, which popularises the group until it becomes mainstream, therefore supporting hegemony and capitalism, which goes against the beliefs established by the subculture. e.g. hipster subculture, anti capitalism, based on supporting local communities, fair trade. Can be distinguished through old school fashion, through opshoping. However this was popularised with mainstream shop selling vintage clothes, polaroid cameras, tattoos becoming mainstream. Incorporated into a lot of coffee house culture.

Pierre Bourdieu Non financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Cultural capital can be used as a means to increase class status through knowledge skills and education. E.g. a rubbish truck driver who can speak multiple languages, have middle class status rather than low status. In comparison to a lotto winner, who although has high finance, may have low knowledge. = cultural and social knowledge can be used to construct or reaffirm hierarchies through distinction. Subcultures use cultural capital as a means of gate keeping. The more you know about a subculture the more mobility you have within that group.

Michel Foucault A strategy that institutions of power, use to get people to self manage themselves. As opposed to using law to impose good or bad behaviour. These institutions create ideologies, in which subjects consent to because they believe their action are normal and beneficial for society. e.g. shaving was socially constructed. Woman are encourages to shave by making this desirable. This is because being beautiful supports capitalism. Therefore ads always have shaved woman rewarded by the male gaze. Although the individual has a choice the bad/ unhealthy subject is discouraged. They are compared to being hippies, unhygienic and unfeminine. Govermentality makes individuals focus on on themselves, through self maintenance, created by these ideologies. Therefore they are less inclined to challenge the institutions of power that creates theses ideologies.

Governance is a theoretical concept referring to the actions and processes by which stable practices and organizations arise and persist. This is creating regulations/ laws which people are bound to through the risk or receiving fines or imprisonment

Michel Focault Acts as a control apparatus exerted over a population as a whole. The idea that you have to keep up your self management because everyone is watching. biopolitical forms of media convince us that calculation is a good thing. This has encouraged consumers, to use applications count calories within food, the number of hours slept, the distance you have run.

Michel Focault The historical event within the late 18th century, that signified a shift from the unstable, dramatic exercises of death to a soverign power focused on the investment in life. the idea of managing bodies to extend life, linked with capitalism. The longer you live the you can contribute to capitalism linked with governality and individualism getting individuals to self regulate themselves in an attempt to become a 'healthy subject' rather than fall into the discouraged unhealthy subject, which is deemed as abnormal and therefore made undesirable. homosexuality condemned because it could foster new life (offspring) therefore hierarchies were created with straight being normal. Those you didn't fall into this category, were discouraged to be gay. Because it was made illegal.

Michel Foucault social norms are created through ideology. This ideology makes individuals self manage themselves through govermentality. By creating desirable subjects which are positioned as normal, e.g. a female with shaved legs. Which is positioned as being more productive or society.

How celebrities moulds the culture we live in, which effects on power relations, expectations and identity. shift from achievement based to media driven fame. This is achieved by mediazation, personalisation and commodification. Fame is no longer confined to a specific location- youtube stars and being insta famous, bloggers. This has encourages a self centered neoliberalistic society. Where individuals focus on impression management to attempt to get famous. Rather than focusing on their role as a citizen to help each other

Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck empathises on personality and impression management to present the best possible version of yourself in different scenerios This occured as a result of late modernism, where there was flexible hours and decentralisation of the work site Therefore people wanted to create their own structure through individism encourage neoliberalistic values- emphasise on yourself as an an entropenour. those you stand out can monetise themselves.

David Harvey Characteristic of Late capitalism, based on the shift to the knowledge economy and globalisation the spread of information via the media gas results in the Deterritorialization of commodities. Where different parts of a product as produced in multiple locations. has allowed for niche markets with the focus on customisation and personalisation. Due to the overload of information, society tends to focus on aesthetics rather than substance, which has encouraged personality management on social media platforms.

John Fiske cultural studies approach to understanding the flows between the visual producer and a customer through the discussion of fandom. fans aquire fannish knowledge through cultural capital. because its an economy there are ranks based on understanding intertexuality. You have have high capital/ rank within a fannish community, which can help individuals who are marginalised and therefore have low status in real life. Fans don't passively accept meaning. They are prosumers, that consume as well as produce new texts.

David Fiske Fan fiction, are written by fans and feature characters from a particular film , tv show etc. fans= prosumers produce new forms of text through intertextuality. This is a way they can achieve cultural capital, which can then be used to create economical capital. Sometimes this operates in a feedback loop with official cultural producers incorporating it into new forms of creation However due to copy right, some forms of products and policed and removed online. semiotic productivity= active engagement with texts, to make new meaning enunciative productivity= sharing semiotic interpretations with other fans textual productivity= makes new texts based on the orginal media e.g. fan art

Stuart Hall/ John Fiske Audiences were once thought to be passive due to the hyperdemic needle theory. However is argued the audiences are active. They speak back to a cultural texts through modes of media appropriation and production of new texts. It was argued that only educated people could be active within high culture. But uneducated people can still have different readings of popular media texts. Meaning is polysemic. Created by the user due to their gender, sexuality, background. preferred/ dominant reading negotiated reading resistant reading

Jodi Dean When the internet is used as a space of political, counter hegemonic or illegal activity this can range from mundane activity like blocking your IP address so you can watch tv shows released oversees Can include hacking

Hardt and Negri's Using forms of media within activism or a counter hegemonic use. Includes organising protests via social media. However these forms of resistance are still occuring within mainstream media. Which commodifies the user to sell to advertisers, within the capitalism cycle. Furthermore there are offical bodies regulating this information like Otago University census on porn, and video games This is the same platform that allows for amateur journalism, of issues not represented in the media. Also emphasizes the role of the everyday person, rather than a focus on celebrities This suggests that media is not a good or bad thing, it is dictacted by how its used

Jodi Dean Green citizenship that transends conventional political and economic practices, to be globally sustainable. Not about rethinking media consumption, also pushing production of media towards enviromentally sound ways of extracting resources, and installing health regulations around workers. This therefore accounts for all stags of the product, not just the use and disposal of a commodity. believes in transnational public sphere, need to care about the world as a whole, not just our own country. approach has been used within 'fair trade' and ''ethical marketing' to encourage capitalism.

Jodi Dean The merger of democratic ideas and capitalism. The internet promotes freedom and democracy, whilst being used to enhance capital purposes. e.g. FB creates protests, however you are commodified and sold to advertisers.