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moral therapy

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a philosophy of treatment that emphasized treating mentally ill people with compassion and understanding, rather than shackling them in chains

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deinstitutionalization

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a policy of reducing the population of mental hospitals by shifting care from the inpatient facilities to community-based outpatient facilities

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state hospital system

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large state institutions that provided little more than custodial care

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modern state hospitals

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significantly downsized institutions that provide more humane care than earlier institutions

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community mental health centers

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comprehensive treatment facilities in the community that offer alternatives to hospitalization

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psychotherapy

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a verbal form of therapy derived from a psychological framework that consists of one or more treatment sessions with a therapist

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's method of psychotherapy; it focuses on uncovering and working through the unconscious conflicts he believed were at the root of psychological problems

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pschoanalysts

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practitioners of psychoanalysis who are schooled in the Freudian tradition

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clinical psychologists

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administer psychological tests, diagnosing psychological disorders, and practicing psychotherapy

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counseling psychologists

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provide counseling to people with psychological problems falling within milder range of severity

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psychiatrists

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physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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clinical or psychiatric social workers

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use knowledge of community agencies and organizations to help people with severe mental disorders receive the services they need

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pschoanalysts

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required to undergo psychoanalysis themselves as part of their training

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counselors

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work in settings such as public schools, college testing and counseling centers, and hospitals and health centers

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psychiatric nurses

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may work in psychiatric facility or in group medical practice

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free association

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a technique in psychoanalysis in which the client is encouraged to say anything that comes to mind

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dream analysis

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a technique in psychoanalysis in which the therapist attempts to analyze the underlying or symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the attempt by the therapist to explain the connections between the material the client discloses in therapy and his or her unconscious conflict

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insight

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in Freud's theory, the awareness of underlying, unconscious wishes and conflicts q

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking that occurs when therapy touches upon anxiety-evoking thoughts or feelings

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transference relationship

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in therapy, the tendency of clients to reenact earlier conflicted relationships in the relationship they develop with their therapist

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countertransference

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the tendency for therapists to relate to clients in ways that mirror their relationships with important figures in their own lives

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behavior therapy

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a form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning

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systematic desensitization

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a behavior therapy technique for treating phobias through the pairing of exposure in imagination to fear-inducing stimuli and states of deep relaxation

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fear hierarchy

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an ordered series of increasingly fearful objects or situations

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gradual exposure

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a behavior therapy technique for treating phobias based on direct exposure to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli

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modeling

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a behavior therapy technique for overcoming phobias and acquiring more adaptive behaviors, based on observing and imitating models

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aversive conditioning

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a form of behavior therapy in which stimuli associated with undesirable behavior are paired with aversive stimuli to create a negative response to these stimuli

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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a form of therapy that combines behavioral and cognitive treatment techniques

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rational emotive behavior therapy

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developed by Albert Ellis, a form of psychotherapy based on identifying and correcting irrational beliefs that are believed to underlie emotional and behavioral difficulties

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cognitive therapy

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developed by aaron beck, a form of therapy based on a collaborative effort between the clients and therapists that help clients recognize and correct distorted patters of thinking believed to underlie their emotional problems

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eclectic therapy

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a therapeutic approach that draws upon principles and techniques representing different schools of therapy

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group therapy

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a form of therapy in which clients are treated within a group format

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family therapy

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therapy for troubled families that focuses on changing disruptive patterns of communication and improving the ways in which family members relate to each other

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couple therapy

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therapy that focuses on helping distressed couples resolve their conflicts and develop more effective communication skills

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meta-analysis

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a statistical technique for averaging results across a large number of studies

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nonspecific factors

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general features of psychotherapy, such as attention from a therapist and mobilization of positive expectancies or hope

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placebo effects

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positive outcomes of an experiment resulting from participants expectations about the effects of a treatment rather than from the experimental treatment itself

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classical psychoanalysis

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insight into unconscious causes of behavior

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modern psychodynamic approaches

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insight-oriented, but focuses more on ego functioning and current relationships than is the case in Freudian analysis

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humanistic client-centered therapy

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promotes self growth by helping clients become more aware of, and accepting of, their inner feelings, needs, and interests

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humanistic gestalt therapy

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helps clients develop a unified sense of self by bringing into present awareness their true feelings and conflicts with others

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behavior therapy

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changes problem behavior through use of learning-based techniques tailored to the specific problem

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cognitive-behavioral therapy

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focuses on changing both maladaptive cognitions and overt behaviors

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rational-emotive behavior therapy

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helps clients replace irrational beliefs with more adaptive, logical alternatives

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cognitive therapy

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helps clients identify and correct faulty styles of thinking

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classical analysis techniques

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free association, dream analysis, interpretation

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modern psychodynamic approaches techniques

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more direct analysis of clients defenses and transference relationships; less use of association

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humanistic client centered therapy techniques

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demponstrating empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuiness to create a warm and accepting therapeutic environment

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humanistic gestalt therapy techniques

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empty chair technique and other role-playing exercises

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behavior therapy techniques

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systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, aversion therapy, operant conditioning techniques

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cognitive behavior therapy techniques

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combines cognitive and behavior techniques

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rational emotive behavior therapy techniques

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identifying and disputing irrational beliefs, with behavioral homework assignments

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cognitive therapy techniques

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identifying and correcting distorted thoughts; specific homework assignments including though recording and reality testing

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virtual reality therapy

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a form of behavior therapy in which virtual reality is used to simulate real-world environments that can be used as therapeutic tools

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psychotropic drugs

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psychiatric drugs used in the treatment of psychological or mental disorders

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antianxiety drugs

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drugs that combat anxiety

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antidepressants

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drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain

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tricyclics

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a class of antidepresessant drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain by inhibiting an enzyme, monoamine oxidase, that breaks down or degrades them in the synapse

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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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a class of antideppresant drugs that work specifically on increasing availaility of the neurotransmitter serotonin by interfering with its reuptake

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antipsychotics

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drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders that help alleviate hallucinations and delusional thinking

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tardice dyskinesia

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a potentially disabling motor disorder that may occur following regular use of antipsychotic drugs

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electroconvulsive therapy

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a form of therapy for severe depression that involves the administration of an electrical shock to the head

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psychosurgery

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brain surgery used to control violent or deviant behavior

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prefrontal lobotomy

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a surgical procedure in which neural pathways in the brain are severed in order to control violent or aggressive behavior

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antianxiety drugs

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diazepam, chloradiazepoxide, lorazepam, alparazolam

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antianxiety drugs uses

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depression bulimia panic disorder

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antipsychotic drugs uses

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schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders

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antimanic drugs

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manic episodes

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stumulant drugs

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childhood hyperactivity

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Pussin

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first unchained metal patients in the hospital

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pinel

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became the medical director of the ward

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Freud

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pschoanalysis

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repression

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keep the impulses out of conscious awareness

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defense mechanisms

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keep these impulses out of conscious awareness

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contemporary pyschoanalysis

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many modern pschoanalysts have replaced the traditional couch with more direct, face to face verbal interactions with clients

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Fritz Pearls

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the originator of gestalt therapy

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rogers

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believed that when children are valued only when they behave in ways that please others, they may become psychologically detached from part of themselves

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behavior therapists

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believe that pschological problems are largely learned and thus can be unlearned

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John Watson

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behavior therapy originator

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Mary Cover Hones

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student of watsons

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