METABOLISM – Flashcards

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) glucose B) protein C) fat D) acetyl CoA

) Which of the choices below is NOT a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) amino acid synthesis B) direct conversion to a nucleic acid C) lipogenesis D) ATP production E) glycogenesis

Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation C) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________. A) ammonia B) ketone bodies C) urea D) acetyl CoA

10) Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation B) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain C) glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation D) gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis

13) The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) break down food molecules and generate ATP B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) fat utilization B) lipogenesis C) gluconeogenesis D) lipolysis

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) oxidation reactions C) lactic acid production D) substrate-level phosphorylation

Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) glucose levels drop slightly B) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane C) there is a shortage of fatty acids D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) muscles B) brain C) liver D) blood

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) period when the metabolic rate is lowest B) postabsorptive state C) starvation period D) absorptive state

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules C) glycogen is formed D) glycogen is broken down to release glucose

) Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid B) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water C) formation of sugar D) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water

What is the outcome of ketosis? A) glucogenesis B) water retention and edema C) metabolic acidosis D) glycogen buildup E) metabolic alkalosis

) Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Only glucose metabolism occurs. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. D) No metabolism occurs.

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) phospholipids B) fatty acids C) triglycerides D) cholesterol

) Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) epinephrine B) growth hormone C) thyroid hormone D) insulin

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, the ________ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source. A) pancreas B) spleen C) liver D) brain

) In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glucagon B) glycerol C) glycogen D) acetyl Co A

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) pyruvic acid B) oxaloacetic acid C) glyceraldehyde D) ammonia

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) lactic acid C) glycogen D) fatty acids

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. D) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a citric acid cycle

Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria? A) glycolysis B) electron transport C) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid D) citric acid (Krebs) cycle

Which of the following is NOT true of beta oxidation? A) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments. B) It involves the anabolism of fats. C) It occurs in the mitochondria. D) The carbon in the beta (third) position is oxidized during the process.

Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. B) All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.

Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen B) utilize hydrogenases C) are rarely coupled together D) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons

Which of the choices below is NOT a source of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) absorption of glucose from the GI tract B) glycogenolysis in the liver C) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver D) catabolism of cellular protein

Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. C) Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea B) adequate essential amino acids C) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation D) excessive amounts of protein in the diet

Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) triglyceride anabolism B) glycogenolysis C) lipogenesis D) protein anabolism

Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she "carbo-loads" when eating a large pasta dinner? A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis

Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis. A) glucagon B) thyroxine C) cortisol D) insulin

At the conclusion of glycolysis, most of glucose's chemical energy is found in the ________. A) NADH B) ATP C) acetyl CoA D) pyruvic acid molecules

) In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glucagon B) glycerol C) glycogen D) acetyl Co A

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) oxidation reactions C) lactic acid production D) substrate-level phosphorylation