Medieval History 2nd Midterm – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Merovingian Dynasty
answer
Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly 300 years in a region known as Francia in Latin, beginning in the middle of the 5th century. Their territory largely corresponded to ancient Gaul as well as the Roman provinces of Raetia, Germania Superior and the southern part of Germania. The Merovingian dynasty was founded by Childeric I the son of Merovech, leader of the Salian Franks, but it was his famous son Clovis I (481 - 511) who united all of Gaul under Merovingian rule were known as the "do nothing kings." They had the carolingians as the hereditary "mayor of the palace" position, who did most of the king's duties
question
Partible Inheritance
answer
systems of inheritance in which property is apportioned among heirs. It contrasts in particular with primogeniture (common in feudal society), which requires that the whole or most of the inheritance passes to the eldest son, and with agnatic seniority where the succession passes to next senior male.
question
Mayor of the Palace
answer
the manager of the household of the Frankish king. The office existed from the sixth century, and during the seventh it evolved into the "power behind the throne" in the northeastern kingdom of Austrasia. In 751, the mayor of the palace, Pepin III (the Short), orchestrated the deposition of the king, Childeric III, through the pope and was crowned in his place.
question
Carolingian Dynasty
answer
Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.The family consolidated its power in the late 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks. eventually became the royal family after Pepin III (the Short) deposed the Merovingian king.
question
Pepin II (r. 687-714)
answer
commonly known as Pepin of Herstal, was a Frankish statesman and military leader who de facto ruled Francia as the Mayor of the Palace from 680 until his death. He took the title, Duke and Prince of the Franks, upon his conquest of all the Frankish realms. Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia in 680. Pepin subsequently embarked on several wars to expand his power. He united all the Frankish realms by the conquest of Neustria and Burgundy in 687. In foreign conflicts, Pepin increased the power of the Franks for several generations, carolingians only had one son, but Pepin II had 2 sons and a bastard son, Charles Martel.
question
Charles Martel (r.714-741)
answer
Killed his 2 half brothers to take the state after his father, Pepin II, died. Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death Continuing and building on his father's work, he restored centralized government in Francia and began the series of military campaigns that re-established the Franks as the undisputed masters of all Gaul. strengthened hand by foraging a closer relationship with the church devoted to christianizing Europe met english Benedictine, Boniface
question
Boniface (d. 754)
answer
in Anglo-Saxon England, was a leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He established the first organized Christianity in many parts of Germania. backed by the pope and Charles Martel, went on 40 year mission in which he taught, built churches and thousands of convents, and established dioceses and monasteries
question
Battle of Tours (732)
answer
was fought against muslims in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in north-central France The battle pitted Frankish and Burgundian forces under Austrasian Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate Franks were victorious. 'Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed, and Charles subsequently extended his authority in the south.
question
Pepin III "the Short" (r.741-768)
answer
King of the Franks from 751 until his death. He was the first of the Carolingians to become King. younger son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel, Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of St. Denis. Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman, who later joined a monastery Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia asked pope why it was that he who bore none of the responsibilities of the king was the king instead of him. Pope emphasized that the title of king did not just belong to whoever had power, but recognized that the merovingians lost their favor with God, and deposed the king. was proclaimed king by Boniface
question
Franko-Papal Alliance
answer
With the Franco-Papal Alliance, Pepin was crowned king in 751 AD, giving the Papacy new protection against the Lombards.
question
Papal States
answer
territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Pepin led a Frankish army into Italy in 754 and 756. Pepin defeated the Lombards, who were attacking the church - taking control of northern Italy - and made a gift (called the Donation of Pepin) of the properties to the pope to repay him for deposing the merovingian king.
question
Charlemagne (r. 768-814)
answer
Pepin III's (the Short) son Charles I, was King of the Franks who united most of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France and Germany. He took the Frankish throne in 768 and became King of Italy from 774. From 800 he became the first Holy Roman Emperor the first recognized emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. While Charlemagne already ruled his kingdom without the help of the Pope, recognition from the emperor of Christendom granted him divine legitimacy after years of conquest and reform, became known as the founder and leader of new society, Christendom subjugated the Saxons: in 3 years, reduced rulers to obedience, and at the Diet of Paderborn, they swore allegiance to him and underwent mass baptism (forced conversion) Charlemagne spent 30 years after this quelling rebellions Easter beheading of 4500 pagan rebels responsible for the Spanish march proposed marriage to Empress Irene (marriage would have led to the legal reunion of Byzantine and Frankish empires, as well as encouraging the reunion of the catholic and orthodox churches) after she was forced into convent for considering the marriage, charlemagne cut ties with Byzantines and allied with Harun al-Rasheed provided context for summoning Aachen wanted to delegitimize Byzantines as much as possible crowned emperor in 800 claimed would not have gone to mass that day if know probably more due to not wanting to have to be legitimized by the papacy
question
Saxons
answer
Forcibly converted to Christianity by Charlemagne
question
Diet of Paderborn (777)
answer
Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt. In 777, he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom. Many Saxons were baptised. The chief purpose of the diet was to bring Saxony closer to Christianity. Missionaries, mainly Anglo-Saxons from England, were recruited to carry out this task.
question
Spanish March
answer
charlemagne launched a premature assult on muslims in 778 but was turned back at Zaragoze, but the land he conquered remained free was a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Carolingian Empire
question
Pope Leo III (r. 795-816)
answer
was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him Holy Roman Emperor and "Augustus of the Romans". had been accused of adultery and perjury and was imprisoned and tortured → went to charlemagne for aid and protection
question
Empress Irene (r. 797-802)
answer
ordered palace coup against her son who was ruler but people were not happy with him. He was left to die and she took the government to become Byzantine Empress had marriage proposed by Charlemagne (see above) but was forced into convent after saying she would consider the proposal
question
Carolingian Empire
answer
was the final stage in the history of the early medieval realm of the Franks, ruled by the Carolingian dynasty. The size of the empire at its zenith around 800 was 1,112,000 km2, with a population of between 10 and 20 million people. earliest stage in the history of the kingdom of France and the kingdom of Germany, which in the High Middle Ages would emerge as the powerful monarchies of continental Europe, Capetian France and the Holy Roman Empire, and by extension the predecessor of the modern nations of France and Germany
question
Aachen
answer
a favoured residence of Charlemagne, and later the place of coronation of the German kings, which is where it gained the reference as the "watering-place of kings." the church council at Aachen is where filioque received the imperial stamp
question
Missi Dominici
answer
traveling lords to check up on counts people could report what the count has been doing and if he has been following the law of the king
question
Carolingian Renaissance
answer
1st of three medieval renaissances, was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late eighth century to the ninth century, taking inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the 4th century. During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies. occurred mostly during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. It was supported by the scholars of the Carolingian court, notably Alcuin of York who created Caroline Miniscule
question
Caroline Miniscule
answer
script which developed as a calligraphic standard in Europe so that the Latin alphabet could be easily recognized by the literate class from one region to another. Educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the Carolingian Renaissance. The script developed into blackletter and became obsolete, though its revival in the Italian Renaissance forms the basis of more recent scripts.
question
Iconoclasm
answer
destruction of religious icons and other images or monuments for religious or political motives. iconoclasts took the word of the bible literally that there were not to be created while iconodules took it figuratively as worshiping these images was not ok but learning through them was.
question
Libri Carolini
answer
the work in four books composed on the command of Charlemagne, around 790, to refute the supposed conclusions of the Byzantine Second Council of Nicaea (787), legitimizes the use of icons in the church
question
Christendom
answer
it refers to the religion itself, or to the worldwide community of Christians, adherents of Christianity. In its historical sense, the term usually refers to the medieval and early modern period, during which the Christian world represented a geopolitical power juxtaposed with both paganism and especially the military threat of the Muslim world.
question
Louis the Pious (r.814-840)
answer
crowned by his father in 813 but his papal coronation was not until 816 King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, of the Holy Roman Empire from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833-34, during which he was deposed. Monastic reform lack of new conquests to gain land → unable to command warriors because they were not loyal 3 sons → tried primogeniture and failed → had to perform public penance tried sharing power with his sons (2 rebellions by sons later and was briefly deposed by them) after death, 3 sons fought over land. 2 formed an alliance but before attacking the third, treaty of Verdun was formed (see below)
question
Treaty of Verdun (843)
answer
first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne. The treaty signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War.
question
Vikings
answer
had severe overpopulation and land shortages which led to their piracy and plundering were very frightening for multitude of reasons unpredictability and ferocity in battle unfamiliar language and religion the viking longboats helped with their unpredictability → could sail inland on as little as 4 feet of water often targeted churches and monasteries raids turned to invasions then settlements Harold Finehair (see below) established kingdom of Norway
question
Harald Finehair (r. 872-930)
answer
first King of Norway. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, he reigned from c. 872 to 930.
question
Alfred the Great (r. 871-899)
answer
waged war against the vikings was King of Wessex and the danes controlled the rest. after battles, compromise → alfred got southern and western, the rest rest became danelawAlfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by the time of his death had become the dominant ruler in England. A devout Christian, Alfred had a reputation as a learned and merciful man of a gracious and level-headed nature who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system, military structure and his people's quality of life
question
The Danelaw
answer
historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. Danelaw contrasts West Saxon law and Mercian law. The Danelaw originated from the Viking expansion of the ninth century AD, although the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century AD. With the increase in population and productivity in Scandinavia, Viking warriors, having sought treasure and glory in the nearby British Isles, "proceeded to plough and support themselves", in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 876.
question
Rollo (r. 911-927)
answer
Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy, a region of France. was leader of one of the most powerful viking clans struck against Frankish ruler, Charles the Simple Charles named him Duke of Normandy in return for converting to christianity and putting an end to his attacks
question
Normandy
answer
was ruled by viking Duke, Rolo
question
Magyars
answer
Came from the east, forming a temporary alliance with the Byzantines against the Slavic Bulgars bulgars formed alliance with Asiatic Penchengs to drive Magyars out → into modern Hungary went on to raid N. Italy and Germanic land Eventually started settling but still raided some until Saxon Duke Otto the Great discovered silver mine and could afford to crush the Magyars in the battle of Lechfeld in 955
question
Abbasid Caliphate
answer
third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566-653 CE) Early Abbasids was Islamic Golden age western muslims became alienated spain: Umayyad holdout (caliphate of cordoba) Egypt and Algeria: fatimids
question
Fatimids
answer
Shia Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The dynasty ruled across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the centre of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included in addition to Egypt varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and Hijaz. the caliphate often allowed a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam, as well as to Jews, Maltese Christians, and Egyptian Coptic Christians. The Fatimid caliphate was also distinguished by the central role of Berbers in its initial establishment and in helping its development, especially on the military and political levels.
question
Barons
answer
is a title of honour, often hereditary, and ranks as one of the lower titles in the various nobiliary systems of Europe
question
Encastellation
answer
feudal kingdoms of Europe became dotted with castles, from which local lords could dominate the countryside of their fiefs and their neighbours', and from which kings could command even the far-off corners of their realms. The ubiquity of the castle is iconic of the Middle Ages. The process was rather quick once the castle, as a distinct type of fortress, was introduced. However, it took different forms in different lands. The methods and reasons of encastellation differed based on law (who could legally build a castle), necessity (who needed a castle), and geography (where could castles be effectively built).
question
Manorialism
answer
the vesting of legal and economic power in a lord of the manor, supported economically from his own direct landholding in a manor (fief), and the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of the peasant population under his jurisdiction.
question
Serfdom
answer
status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage. Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the Lord of the Manor who owned that land, and in return were entitled to protection, justice and the right to exploit certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence.
question
Feudalism
answer
combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs
question
Vassalage
answer
person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including the grant of land held as a fiefdom.[2] The term can be applied to similar arrangements in other feudal societies. In contrast, a fidelity, or fidelitas, was a sworn loyalty, subject to the king.
question
Homage/Fealty
answer
ceremony in which a feudal tenant or vassal pledged reverence and submission to his feudal lord, receiving in exchange the symbolic title to his new position (investiture). It was a symbolic acknowledgement to the lord that the vassal was, literally, his man (homme). The oath known as "fealty" implied lesser obligations than did "homage". Further, one could swear "fealty" to many different overlords with respect to different land holdings, but "homage" could only be performed to a single liege, as one could not be "his man", i.e., committed to military service, to more than one "liege lord".
question
Fief
answer
central element of feudalism and consisted of heritable property or rights granted by an overlord to a vassal who held it in fealty (or "in fee") in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service, usually given by the personal ceremonies of homage and fealty. The fees were often lands or revenue-producing real property held in feudal land tenure: these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms. However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including governmental office, rights of exploitation such as hunting or fishing, monopolies in trade, and tax farms.
question
Knights
answer
person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the Monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood has been conferred upon mounted warriors.[2] During the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings.[3] The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback.
question
Chivalry
answer
code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood which developed between 1170 and 1220. According to the British Medieval historian David Crouch, the historical debate on chivalry is an ancient one The late medieval code of chivalry had arisen from the idealisation of the early medieval synthesis of Germanic and Roman martial traditions —involving military bravery, individual training, and service to others—especially in Francia, among horse soldiers in Charlemagne's cavalry
question
Peace of God
answer
movement in the Middle Ages by the Catholic Church that applied spiritual sanctions to limit the violence of feuding. It began with very limited provisions in 989 and survived in some form until the thirteenth century.
question
Medieval Warm Period
answer
time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time, including China[1] and other areas,[2][3] lasting from about AD 950 to 1250.[4] It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic termed the Little Ice Age.
question
Tripartite Society
answer
existence of three classes or castes—priests, warriors, and commoners (farmers or tradesmen)—corresponding to the three functions of the sacral, the martial and the economic, respectively
question
Otto I "the Great" (r. 936-973)
answer
German king from 936 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 until his death in 973. The oldest son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda, Otto was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy". Otto defeated the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, thus ending the Hungarian invasions of Western Europe.[4] The victory against the pagan Magyars earned Otto a reputation as a savior of Christendom and secured his hold over the kingdom. By 961, Otto had conquered the Kingdom of Italy and extended his realm's borders to the north, east, and south. Otto's later years were marked by conflicts with the Papacy and struggles to stabilize his rule over Italy
question
Battle of Lechfeld (955)
answer
decisive victory for Otto I the Great, King of the Germans, over the Hungarian harka BulcsĂş and the chieftains LĂ©l (Lehel) and SĂşr. It is often seen as the defining event in the repulsion of Hungarians incursions into Western Europe.
question
Holy Roman Empire
answer
multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.[6] The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it included the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories. 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe after more than three centuries.
question
Ottonian dynasty
answer
dynasty of German Kings (919-1024), named after its first Emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its primary leading-names. The Ottonian rulers were successors of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty in Germany
question
Ottonian Renaissance
answer
limited "renaissance" of Byzantine and Late Antique art in Central and Southern Europe that accompanied the reigns of the first three Holy Roman Emperors of the Ottonian (or Saxon) dynasty: Otto I (936-973), Otto II (973-983), and Otto III (983-1002), and which in large part depended upon their patronage.
question
Hrotsvitha von Gandersheim
answer
10th-century German secular canoness, as well as a dramatist and poet who lived and worked at Gandersheim Abbey in modern-day Bad Gandersheim, Lower Saxony, established by the Ottonian dynasty. She wrote in Latin, and is considered by some to be the first person since antiquity to compose drama in the Latin West.[1] She has also been called "the most remarkable woman of her time."
question
Salian Dynasty
answer
dynasty in the High Middle Ages of four German Kings (1024-1125), also known as the Frankish dynasty after the family's origin and role as dukes of Franconia. All of these kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor (1027-1125): the term 'Salic dynasty' also applies to the Holy Roman Empire of the time as a separate term.
question
Henry III of Germany (r. 1039-1056)
answer
alled the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the eldest son of Conrad II of Germany On Easter Day 1028, after his father was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Henry was elected and crowned King of Germany in the cathedral of Aachen by Pilgrim Upon the death of his father on 4 June 1039, he became sole ruler of the kingdom and was crowned emperor by Pope Clement II in Rome (1046).
question
Henry IV of Germany (r. 1056-1106)
answer
He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars over his throne both in Italy and Germany. He died of illness, soon after defeating his son's army near Visé, in Lorraine.
question
Hugh Capet (r. 987-996)
answer
was the first King of the Franks of the House of Capet from his election in 987 until his death. He succeeded the last Carolingian king, Louis V
question
Capetian Dynasty
answer
House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet. It is among the largest and oldest European royal houses, consisting of Hugh Capet's male-line descendants. It ruled in France as the House of Capet from the ascension of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of Charles IV in 1328. The dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French state.
question
Cnut (r. 1016-1035)
answer
was a king of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden, together often referred to as the Anglo-Scandinavian or North Sea Empire. After his death, the deaths of his heirs within a decade, and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, his legacy was largely lost to history. Historian Norman Cantor has made the statement that he was "the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history", although Cnut himself was not Anglo-Saxon.
question
Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-1066)
answer
among the last Anglo-Saxon kings of England, and usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 to 1066.
question
Norman Conquest of England (1066)
answer
Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford, but Harold defeated and killed him at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September 1066. Within days, William landed in southern England. Harold marched south to confront him, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north. Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at the Battle of Hastings; William's force defeated Harold, who was killed in the engagement.
question
William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1087)
answer
the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. The descendant of Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son.
question
Battle of Hastings (1066)
answer
Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. and was a decisive Norman victory. Although there continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty figures are hard to come by, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen.
question
Middle English
answer
dialects of the English language spoken in parts of the British Isles after the Norman conquest (1066) until the late 15th century. This stage of the development of the English language roughly followed the High to the Late Middle Ages. Middle English displays a wide variety of scribal forms. The language of England, as used after 1470 and up to 1650, is known as Early Modern English.
question
Italian Communes
answer
Communes are first recorded in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, thereafter becoming a widespread phenomenon. They had the greater development in central-northern Italy, where they were real city-states based on partial democracy, while in Germany they became free cities, independent from local nobility.
question
Papal states
answer
territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. was disputed. It was unclear whether the Papal States were a separate realm with the pope as their sovereign ruler, merely a part of the Frankish Empire over which the popes had administrative control,
question
Norman Sicily
answer
was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy. The island was divided into three regions: Val di Mazara, Val Demone and Val di Noto.
question
Caliphate of Cordoba
answer
The region was formerly dominated by the Umayyad Emirate of CĂłrdoba (756-929). The period was characterized by an expansion of trade and culture, and saw the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture. The caliphate disintegrated during a civil war (the Fitna of al-Andalus) between the descendants of the last caliph, Hisham II, and the successors of his hayib, Al-Mansur. In 1031, after years of infighting, the caliphate fractured into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms).
question
Taifa
answer
was an independent Muslim-ruled principality, usually an emirate or petty kingdom, though there was one oligarchy, of which a number were formed in Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of CĂłrdoba in 1031.
question
Reconquista
answer
is a historical period of approximately 770 years in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, beginning after the Islamic conquest 711-718, to the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, in 1492. marks the gradual return of Christian rule in the Iberian Peninsula. It ended right before the discovery of the New World
question
Almoravids (1056-1147)
answer
dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the eleventh century. They created the first Moroccan and trans-Maghreb empire.[1] They were invited by the Muslim rulers in Iberia to aid them against the Christians. As well as holding back the Christian advance, they overthrew the Muslim princes whom they denounced as religiously lax, thus extending the Moorish empire over present-day Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gibraltar, Tlemcen (in Algeria) and a great part of what is now Senegal and Mali in the south, and Spain and Portugal to the north in Europe. At its extent, the empire stretched 3,000 kilometers north to south.
question
Almohads (1130-1269)
answer
Almohad movement was started by Ibn Tumart among the Masmuda tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains in roughly 1120.[7] They succeeded in overthrowing the ruling Almoravids (see above) in governing Morocco by 1147,
question
Eleventh-Century Church Reform
answer
marked primarily by the Great Schism of the Church, which formerly divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches.
question
Simony
answer
is the act of selling church offices and roles. The practice is named after Simon Magus, who is described in the Acts of the Apostles 8:9-24 as having offered two disciples of Jesus, Peter and John, payment in exchange for their empowering him to impart the power of the Holy Spirit to anyone on whom he would place his hands.
question
Clerical celibacy
answer
requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried. These religions consider that, outside of marriage, deliberate sexual thoughts, feelings, and behavior are sinful; clerical celibacy also requires abstention from these.
question
Lay Investiture
answer
the tradition by which secular rulers installed all clergy in their offices was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bishops (investiture). The controversy lead to nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany. This war ended with the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the falling apart of the German empire in the end.
question
Emperor Henry III (r. 1046-1056)
answer
called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia. His father made him duke of Bavaria deposed Pope Gregory VI (who the papacy was sold to) and Pope Benedict IX (who tried to gain the papacy back from Gregory after resigning) and installed 2 popes, who died, then his own cousin, Pope Leo IX
question
Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054)
answer
the "first reformed Pope" filled curia with outspoken reformists (including Hilderbrand who would become Pope Gregory VII) Tours of western Europe for visibility and novelty (gained popularity) campaigns against clerical marriage and simony pope can remove errant bishops → spectacle of Bishops begging laid groundwork for Papal Election Decree His citing of the Donation of Constantine in a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople brought about the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
question
The Great Schism (1054)
answer
break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches
question
Papal Election Decree (1059)
answer
caused major reforms in the system of papal election, most notably establishing the cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope, with the consent of minor clergy. By Pope Nicholas II
question
Emperor Henry IV (r. 1056-1106)
answer
he was also referred to as the King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars over his throne both in Italy and Germany.
question
Pope Gregory VII (r. 1073-1085)
answer
One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor that affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. He was also at the forefront of developments in the relationship between the emperor and the papacy during the years before he became pope. thrice excommunicated Henry, who in the end appointed Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the political power struggles between the Catholic Church and his empire. penned the Dictatus Papae
question
Dictatus Papae (1075)
answer
compilation of 27 statements of powers arrogated to the Pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII's register
question
Investiture Controversy
answer
The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bishops began in 1076 Henry IV and Pope Gregory mutually excommunicated and deposed one another after hearing of Henry IV's deposition, german nobles rose up against him once again → defused the situation temporarily by making walk to Canossa, where Gregory was staying Gregory granted absolution after walk to Canossa putting an end to the rebellions against Henry unsteady peace after Henry attempted to invade Italy but then fled he then invaded Rome again and sacked the eternal city Gregory later got sick and died in exile Henry IV was deposed by his son, Henry V, and died concordat of worms
question
Walk to Canossa (1077)
answer
(investiture controversy) refers to the trek of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV from Speyer to Canossa Castle in Emilia Romagna to obtain the revocation of the excommunication imposed on him by the Pope Gregory VII. He was forced to humiliate himself on his knees waiting for three days and three nights, before the entrance gate of the castle, while a blizzard raged in January 1077.
question
Concordat of Worms (1122)
answer
(investiture controversy) an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms. It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors (investiture controversy) dual investiture → bishops and abbots were to be chosen by the clergy, but the emperor was authorized to decide contested elections
question
Seljuk Turks
answer
Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture and contributed to the Turko-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia. The Seljuqs established both the Seljuq Empire and Sultanate of Rum, which at their total height stretched from Anatolia through Persia, and were targets of the First Crusade.
question
Battle of Manzikert (1071)
answer
fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuq Turks on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in MuĹź Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia.
question
Alexius Comnenus (r. 1081-1118)
answer
Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. Although he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power. Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to halt the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration.
question
Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099)
answer
pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. He is best known for initiating the First Crusade (1096-99) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. Pope Urban also coaches for THE Ohio State Buckeyes. They are undefeated.
question
Council of Clermont (1095)
answer
The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held from November 18 to November 28, 1095 atClermont, France. Pope Urban II's speech on November 27 was the starting point of the First Crusade.
question
Plenary indulgence
answer
sins were forgiven and admission into heaven granted used for the crusades. since the crusades were for the church, the armed struggle actually pleased God all those who gave their lives to the struggle received this
question
First Crusade (1095-1099)
answer
was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to capture the Holy Lands, called by Pope Urban II in 1095. It started as a widespread pilgrimage in western christendom and has ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632-661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. 30K knights army was in 5 main contingents siege of Jerusalem positive relations with muslim majority local autonomy → allowed to continue under Islamic law kingdom of jerusalem (see below) only fully successful crusade
question
Peter the Hermit (d. 1115)
answer
was a priest of Amiens and a key figure during the First Crusade. Peter naturally became the instigator of the crusade just as Godfrey became the founder of the kingdom of Jerusalem and the legislator of the assizes.
question
Peasant's Crusade
answer
prelude to the First Crusade and lasted roughly six months from April to October 1096. was not part of the official Catholic Church-organised expeditions that came later. Led primarily by Peter the Hermit
question
Kingdom of Jerusalem
answer
was a crusader state established in the Southern Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade.
question
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
answer
was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade (1096-1099) by Baldwin of Boulogne in 1098. While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall triggered by Imad ad-Din Zangi conquering Edessa (one of the crusader states) King Louis VII led the way and conscripted St. Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the crusade by the time they made it to the holy land, Imad ad-Din Zangi's son, Nur ad-Din, was in power instead of mounting attack on Nur ad-Din, Louis attacked Arab-controlled Damascus this failed and they had to retreat, embarrassed Louis' wife, Eleanor had their marriage annulled
question
Nur ad-Din (r. 1146-1174)
answer
successor of Imad ad-Din Zangi (see Second Crusade,
question
Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
answer
French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order. had reputation as christian reformer preached the second crusade
question
Third Crusade (1189-1193)
answer
Jerusalem sought to strengthen its position after 2nd crusade and attempted a full scale invasion of Egypt, which was ruled by Fatimids, and failed fatimids feared another attack and sought help from Nur ad-Din, who sent Shirkuh, a general. shirkuh betrayed them and killed the caliph, taking the government for himself. His nephew, Saladin, took power after him he went on to marry Nur ad-Din's widow he became sole ruler of the muslim middle east massacred the crusaders' army at the battle of Hattin and took Jerusalem Christian combatants came in response: Fredrick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus, and Richard the Lionheart (only one to make it to confront Saladin) after 2 year campaign, managed to gain back control of the coastal cities in the end, decided on a truce: Christian control of coastal cities; Saladin retained control of the rest of Palestine but Jerusalem remained open to pilgrims
question
Saladin (r. 1174-1193)
answer
Third Crusade
question
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
answer
after the death of Saladin, there was renewed persecution of christians Pope Innocent III in 1202 had the idea to attack the Holy Land through Egypt. because there was low attendance and therefore, lack of funds,The Venetians changed this crusade,and recaptured christian Zara from Hungarian control excommunication of army by Pope Innocent due to the appeal of exiled Byzantine price, Alexius IV Angelus, went to the Christian city of Constantinople, where they attempted to place a Byzantine exile on the throne. After a series of misunderstandings and outbreaks of violence, the city was sacked in 1204. cemented schism the Latin Empire became of this with Baldwin of Flanders as the new emperor
question
Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)
answer
Started fourth crusade
question
Latin Empire (1204-1261)
answer
Latin Empire of Constantinople was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261. The Latin Empire was intended to supplant the Byzantine Roman Empire as titular successor to the Roman Empire in the east, with a Western Roman Catholic emperor fourth crusade
question
Knights Hospitaller
answer
were among the most famous of the Roman Catholic military orders during the Middle Ages. The Hospitallers probably arose as a group of individuals who were associated with an Amalfitan hospital in the Muristan district of Jerusalem, which was dedicated to St John the Baptist and founded around 1023 by Blessed Gerard Thom to provide care for sick, poor or injured pilgrims coming to the Holy Land
question
Knights Templar
answer
were among the most wealthy and powerful of the Western Christian military orders and were prominent actors in Christian finance. The organisation existed for nearly two centuries during the Middle Ages.
question
Twelfth-Century Renaissance
answer
period of many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages. It included social, political and economic transformations, and an intellectual revitalization of Western Europe with strong philosophical and scientific roots. These changes paved the way for later achievements such as the literary and artistic movement of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century and the scientific developments of the 17th century. reintroduction of aristotelian logic (see below) vs. Plato realists v. nominalists (see below) Anselm of Canterbury (Ontological Proof of God), Peter Abelard (Sic et Non), and Peter Lombard (see below) rediscovery of Corpus luris Civilis (see below) codification of canon law decretum Gratiani (see below) classical revival of medicine Trotula of Salerno → On the Maladies of Women (see below) mathematics → introduction of algebra technology → paper introduction of universities (see below)
question
Aristotelian logic
answer
the traditional system of logic expounded by Aristotle and developed in the Middle Ages, concerned chiefly with deductive reasoning as expressed in syllogisms. 12th century renaissance
question
Ibn Rushd (d. 1198)
answer
medieval Andalusian polymath. He wrote on logic, Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy,theology, the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence,psychology, political and Andalusian classical music theory, geography,mathematics, and themediæval sciences of medicine, astronomy,physics, and celestial mechanics. 12th century renaissance
question
Realists vs. Nominalists
answer
is a metaphysical view in philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist, while universals or abstract objects, which are sometimes thought to correspond to these terms, do not exist. 12th century renaissance
question
Anselm of Canterbury (d. 1109)
answer
was a Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher, and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. After his death, he was canonized as a saint; his feast day is 21 April. wrote cur Deus Homo & Ontological Proof of God → put logic into religion
question
Ontological Proof of God
answer
philosophical argument for the existence of God that uses ontology. Many arguments fall under the category of the ontological, and they tend to involve arguments about the state of being or existing. More specifically, ontological arguments tend to start with an a priori theory about the organization of the universe. If that organizational structure is true, the argument will provide reasons why God must exist. Anslem of Canterbury
question
Peter Abelard (d. 1142)
answer
was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician. love affair with Heloise, who became pregnant but didn't want to marry Abelard after her father found out, both put into convent/monastery wrote Sic et Non (see below) conflicts with Bernard of Clairvaux 12th century renaissance
question
Sic et Non
answer
an early scholastic text whose title translates from Medieval Latin as "Yes and No", was written by Pierre Abélard. In the work, Abélard juxtaposes apparently contradictory quotations from the Church Fathers on many of the traditional topics of Christian theology. In the Prologue, Abélard outlines rules for reconciling these contradictions, the most important of which is noting the multiple significations of a single word. Peter Abelard
question
Heloise (d. 1164)
answer
was a French nun, writer, scholar, and abbess, best known for her love affair and correspondence with Peter Abélard.
question
Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
answer
was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. "Three years later, he was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 km southeast of Bar-sur-Aube. According to tradition, Bernard founded the monastery on 25 June 1115, naming it Claire Vallée, which evolved into Clairvaux. 12th century renaissance
question
Peter Lombard (d. 1160)
answer
was a scholastic theologian, Bishop of Paris, and author of Four Books of Sentences, which became the standard textbook of theology, for which he earned the accolade Magister Sententiarum. 12th cent
question
Corpus Iuris Civilis
answer
is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. It is also sometimes referred to as the Code of Justinian, although this name belongs more properly to the part titled Codex Justinianus. 12th cent
question
Canon law
answer
the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion of churches. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. 12th cent
question
Decretum Gratiani
answer
a collection of Canon law compiled and written in the 12th century as a legal textbook by the jurist known as Gratian. It forms the first part of the collection of six legal texts, which together became known as the Corpus Juris Canonici. It was used by canonists of the Roman Catholic Church until Pentecost (May 19) 1918, 12th cent
question
Trotula of Salerno
answer
medical practitioner and medical writer in the southern Italian coastal town of Salerno who lived sometime in the early or middle decades of the 12th century. Her fame spread as far away as France and England in the 12th and 13th centuries. Thereafter, aside from a distorted reflection of her work that lived on in the Trotula treatises, her work was forgotten until it was rediscovered in the late 20th century. wrote on the maladies of women 12th cent
question
Literati
answer
Intellectuals or those who read and comment on literature growing from urban middle class → threat to growing aristocracy component of developing state power The scholar-bureaucrats or literati of imperial China Literati painting, also known as the Southern School of painting, developed by Chinese literati The literati style of bonsai, consisting of thin, elegant trees in the calligraphic style of literati painting Confucianism, known as the School of Literati
question
Benedictine monasticism
answer
obedience to the abbot divine office and Lectio Divina carolingian promotion they couldn't have personal wealth, so they had all these wealthy things and were the wealthiest of the monastics. They had a lot of expensive items displayed in their monastery as to attempt to gain more wealth by followers
question
Cluniacs
answer
were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor. The movement began within the Benedictine order at Cluny, founded in 910 by William I, Duke of Aquitaine (875-918).The reforms were largely carried out by Saint Odo (c. 878 - 942) and spread throughout France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), into England (the English Benedictine Reform), and through much of Italy and Spain.
question
Carthusians
answer
is a Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics. The order was founded by Saint Bruno of Cologne in 1084 and includes both monks and nuns. The order has its own Rule, called the Statutes, rather than the Rule of Saint Benedict, and combines eremitic and cenobitic life. isolation (remote locations, individual cells, small groups) little literary production slow spread
question
Cistercians
answer
a religious order of monks and nuns. They are variously called the Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though the term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania), or the White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuculas worn by the Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves break off from Cluniac community Abbot of Citeaux as first among equals conversi (see below) particular appeal to women conversi → adults who join the religious order (see below)
question
Conversi
answer
those who, in adult life,voluntarily renounced the world and entered a religious order to do penance and to lead a life of greater perfection. The renouncing of the world was known as the conversio a sæculo, which had as its object a reform or change of life, the conversio morum, hence conversi or the "converted". The conversi were thus distinguished from the oblati or those who, as children, were presented or offered (oblati) by their parents to the religious life and were placed in a monastery to receive proper religiousinstruction and to be educated in profane knowledge.
question
Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
answer
was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. "Three years later, he was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 km southeast of Bar-sur-Aube. According to tradition, Bernard founded the monastery on 25 June 1115, naming it Claire Vallée, which evolved intoClairvaux
question
Regular canons
answer
are priests living in community under the Rule of St. Augustine ("regula" in Latin), and sharing their property in common. Distinct from monks, who live a cloistered, contemplative life and sometimes engage in ministry to those from outside the monastery, the purpose of the life of a canon is to engage in public ministry of liturgy and sacraments for those who visit their churches (historically the monastic life was by its nature lay, whereas canonical life was essentially clerical)
question
Imitatio Christi
answer
voluntary poverty and preaching
question
Mendicant orders
answer
religious orders which depend directly on charity for their livelihood. Christian mendicant orders, in principle, do not own property, either individually or collectively, believing that they are thereby copying the way of life followed by Jesus, and able to spend all their time and energy on religious work. The mendicant orders are marked by two characteristics: poverty, practised in common; and a way of life that combines praying together in community with the work of the public ministry of the Church. friars/friaries v. monks/monasteries living on alms, ministering to the urban poor, and preaching implicit threat to episcopal authority
question
Friars
answer
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders founded since the thirteenth century; the term distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the older monastic orders' allegiance to a single monastery formalized by their vow of stability. The most significant orders of friars are the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Carmelites.
question
Dominicans
answer
O.P.(Order of preachers). Formally started during the Fourth Lateran Council. Had roots in education, had to study three texts, and started schools and associated with universities like the University of Paris. Took vows of poverty, but they weren't central. combatted heresy → obtained theological mastery to debate against them
question
Dominic Guzman (d. 1221)
answer
Started the Dominicans. Was charged with preaching to the Cathars. Saw heresy as an educational problem, not a force of evil.
question
Franciscans
answer
Started by Francis of Assisi. formed in 1210. Were very popular, traveled in pairs, begged for food and preached. embraced poverty.
question
Francis of Assisi (d. 1226)
answer
Born rich, but wanted to embrace poverty. Dressed in rags, talked to birds, started the Franciscan order and then left. Was the original hipster. condoned by Pope Innocent III
question
Beguines
answer
communities of lay women (widows, virgins, and some married women) Beghards → male equivalents (less common) poverty and ministering to the poor no monastic rule, vow, or hierarchy difficult to regulate particular attraction to mysticism clerical hostility members frequently tried for heresy suppressed in 1312 they were a lay order of chicks. wanted to renounce wealth, embrace simple virtues, perform charitable acts, preach... trying to be like the OG apolistic followers. Wanted the religious life but couldnt or didnt want to become nuns. Could even marry, but vowed to stay chaste.
question
Lay piety
answer
The faith and practice of those who weren't in the clergy (priests, monks, nuns, friars...)
question
Waldensians
answer
A lay spiritual movement founded around 117 by Peter Waldes. Waldensian stance entailed a criticism of the ecclesiastical order. The issue of translating the bible into the vernacular represented another sticking point.
question
Peter Waldes (d. ca. 1205)
answer
A well-to-do merchant from Lyons. Waldes experienced an apostolic conversion in that year after listening to a reading of life of St. Alexis. The wealthy ought to give away all their money to the poor if they wish to please god. Placed his daughters in a convent and hired two priests to translate the bible into French so he could read it then gave away the rest of his walth. Then preached to the urban masses,
question
Spiritual Franciscans
answer
Broke away from the franciscans after Francis's death. Wanted the order to deny both individual and communal wealth, but were shot down. So they formed their own branch and lived in total poverty, criticizing the original franciscans and the entire church. They were later labeled as heretics in 1323.
question
Cathars
answer
Group of heretics in southern France. They had very ascetic roots and denounced material things (like gender). They were dualists, believing in two Gods, one good and one evil. Satan, the evil one, made everything material
question
Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229)
answer
Launched when the inquisition didnt work by Innocent III.
question
Inquisition
answer
The inquisition was focused mainly on the Cathars, started by Innocent III Assertion of Church authority in spiritual matters Partially benevolent "official inquiry" is the literal meaning. The bishop would inquire into a groups beliefs and practices. Origin of our modern probable cause hearing.
