Medieval Europe, Middle Ages History – Flashcards
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When Europeans started to restore order
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Middle Ages
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1st king of the Franks, united Frank tribes into one kingdom
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Clovis
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sons and successors of Clovis, ruled France for 200 years
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Merovingians
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charles the hammer, Frank military and political leader, Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingians. *****Won battle of Tours defeating an invading Moorish army. ********Halted Islamic expansion in Western Europe.
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charles martel
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Frankish noble family from Charles Martel Rulers of Franks after Merovingians after a long rise to power Charlemagne came from this family
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Carolingians
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A Carolingian Charles the Great Emperor of Holy Roman Empire Reunited fractured West Europe under one empire after decline of Roman empire giving Europe a common identity Sword and Cross (used military and church to unite and control Raised a declining life style of people Focused on raising citizens standard of living Revival of art, religion, and culture through the Catholic Church
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Charlemagne
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Nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian
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Magyars
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Norse explorers, warriors, merchants, & pirates who raided Europe, Asia and North Atlantic islands. Germanic people Long boats sailed rivers so they traveled and raided successfully Struck terror in Europe. Settled in Europe.
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Vikings
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legal and military customs in medieval europe 9th century to 15th century holding land in exchange for service or labor nobility, clerics, peasantry
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Feudalism
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fee. land given for services to the ruler
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fief
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mutual agreement with a lord to provide military support or protection for privileges or land
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vassal
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right, by law, or custom for 1st born to inherit an entire estate
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primogenitre
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monks lived in communities called monasteries, and nuns in convents way of life for monks and nuns (rules and how they lived)
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Monasticism
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shaped economy of europe during middle ages giving legal and economic power to the Lord of a Manor. This Lord received payments (labor or service usually) from the peasants working his land.
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Manolrialism
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peasants (servants) could not leave Lord of the Manor (landlord) without permission from the Lord
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serf
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code of conduct for knights bravery, courtesy, honor, gallantry
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chivalry
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most powerful members of the curia, a group of counselors to the Catholic Church pope princes of the church (very powerful)
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cardinals
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elected head of the community in a Benectine Rule controlled and distributed property male or female leader
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abbot or abbess
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Catholic church laws and courts
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Canon law
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Church court order against an entire region. All the churchs would be closed and their clergy could not do church rituals. Thus giving all these people risk of eternal punishment by God.
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interdict
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people who denied the truth of the church's beliefs or preached against them.
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heretics
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church power to tax people 1/10th of their income
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tithe
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buy high position within the church organization
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simony
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Set up a monestary in Monte Cassino, Italy. He created these monestary rules that many followed in monestaries and covenants throughout europe
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St. Benedict
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wrote religious music and medical text vocal critic of corrupt church practices made a saint
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Hildegard of Bengen
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brought Christianity to Ireland
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St. Patrick
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lead monks to England and thus brought Christianity to England
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St. Augustine
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church ordered Dominicans (monks) to search for heretics.
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inquisition
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governmental district in England, divided up kingdoms
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shires
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based upon customs and judges decisions rather than written codes of law
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common law
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came to throne of Wessex, began driving the Danes (vikings and rulers) from England
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Alfred the Great
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Anglo Saxon nobles chose him as their new king as the Danish kings died out. He had no heir.
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Edward the Confessor
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Duke of Normandy, a distant relative of Edward, claimed the throne. The Anglo Saxons wanted Harold of Wessex ( brother in law) to be king instead. Came across the channel with many Norman knights and fought the battle of Hastings. He won and became King of England. He brought Norman ways and language to England. England began to combine Norman (French) and Anglo Saxon (German) cultures and language. More power to the king not the nobles. Brought the feudal system. Had a survey done of all shires and set up a central tax system. This survey was called the Domesday Book
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William the Conqueror
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Increased royal authority. Nobles could pay a fee rather than provide services to the king. Henry could then build up his own paid army loyal to him. Legal system grew with trial by jury added. Gave more power to legal courts than church courts.
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Henry II
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archbishop of Cantebury. Refused his clergy to be tried in Royal Courts. He and Henry were friends but became enemies over this. He was murdered by the king's knights. He was made a saint and Henry lost some power over this.
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Thomas Becket
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Henry II wife. She and her sons plotted against Henry II. Her French lands brought war with France into England.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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protected liberties of nobles and limit king's power. Provided a limited outline of rights for England's ordinary people. Made law the supreme power of England not the king. Cornerstone of constitutional government and rule by law.
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Magna Carta
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Feudal lords elected him to become king. developed a strong kingdom in Germany helped Pope John XII with some Roman nobles, so he was given Northern Italy to add to his kingdom. It was the Holy Roman Empire and was very powerful 700 years.
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Otto I
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The height of imperial power. He chose popes thus putting the church under his power.
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Henry III
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England king fought powerful pope over who had the most power: kings or popes church vs state rule King wanted to appoint church leaders...Pope said no and excommunicated Henry. King lost power and asked for the pope's forgiveness.
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Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
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Ruled Germany. Tried to get control of Italy. Took over Milan. The pope helped form the Lombard League and they kicked him out of Italy.
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Frederick Barbarossa
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strongest of medieval popes strengthen church and increased its worldly power believed in supreme earthly power of church and kings were subject to the church he got involved in conflicts all over europe used interdict's to control kings, they paid to have them removed. controlled italy overthrew kings and put rulers of his choice on thrones Oversaw 4th crusade
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Innocent III
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Muslim people from central Asia gain control over Palestine (Holy Land to Christians) Then attacked Asia Minor or Byzantine empire Threatened to attack Constantinople, emperor asked pope for help. Christian pilgrims reported being persecuted in Palestine by the Turks.
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Seljuq turks
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The pope that the Constantinople emperor asked for help. He began the crusades asking all feudal lords to join in the fight to regain Palestine.
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Urban II
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military expeditions to regain the Holy Land 10,000 europeans participated sewed crosses on their clothes appealed to love of adventure and promise of spiritual and material rewards
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crusades
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gained control of Jerusalem during the 3rd crusade a truce was arrived at to allow Christians to enter Jerusalem freely
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Saladin
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several thousand young people from france and germany went on another crusade after the 4th. they were ill prepared and were tricked into going on ships and becoming slaves.
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Children of crusades
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palestine became muslim europeans discovered new ways to wage war fewer lords and so kings got more power so ending feudalism Christian church more powerful Increased trade between Italy and Asia Europeans came back with new ideas and products
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Results of crusades
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goods and services exchanged for goods and services
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barter economy
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manufacturing (making goods) took place in people's homes rather than shops or factories
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domestic system
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land, labor and capital are controlled by individual persons
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market economy
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had right to trade in a town. merchants grouped together to help each other do well. other merchants had to pay a fee to trade in a town where they were not members of a guild
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merchant guild
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skilled workers came together to make a guild set rules for wages, work hours, work conditions set standards of quality controlled training of new skilled workers
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craft guild
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craft guild training, step 1 paid a master worker to train a child 5-9 years of training
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apprentice
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step 2 in craft guild training skilled worker paid by his master
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journeyman
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class between nobles and peasants or unskilled workers
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middle class
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deadly plague in europe and mediterranean carried from china by trade routes carried by flea infested rats 1/3 of europe died 25 mill. people spread fast changed europe: faith in God shaken church lost power workers were in short supply so now demanded higher wages peasants staged uprisings upper classes lost more power
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black death
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language people with little education spoke common language not Latin so english, german, spanish, italian
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vernacular languages
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traveling singers wrote love poems
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troubadours
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vernacular literature reached it height in the middle ages with his writings wrote in Tuscan vernacular language...which lead to this form of Italian becoming Italy's language father of Italian language Divine Comedy his most famous....pointed out faults in Italian society
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Dante Alighieri
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His most famous English novel...Canterbury Tales pokes fun at English society especially the clergy Gave middle English great literary prestige
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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greatest philosopher of middle ages used Artistole's and Arab thinkers ideas wrote a rational proof of God bring faith and reason together--scholasticism
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Thomas Aquinas
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new church architecture tall ceilings and spires high and thin large stained glass windows cities were built around these huge churches trade was done around and in the churches highest artist skills where put on these buildings
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gothic
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England and France fought over control of France England lost all possessions in France England lost power and France now became powerful use of new weapons....long bow, could shot a long way gun powder and cannons used knightly fighting ended House of commons gained power and king lost power
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hundred years war
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war for Englands throne began after 100 yr war Between York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families Lancasters won
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War of the Roses
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Lancaster king after war of roses married a york woman so united 2 families set up a strong monarchy in england again
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Henry Tudor
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helped crown the king of france and then the french backed the king and drove the english out god spoke to her and told her to lead the french to victory over english french were inspired by her caught and burned at stake by english
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Joan of Arc
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made french monarchy much stronger harsh but efficient government high taxes untied france as a country reduce power of lords
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Louis XI
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Spain became a nation under him took power away from church courts and nobles ordered all jews and moors to become christians or leave many left and with them left many leaders in industry and trade
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Ferdinand
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wife of ferdinand (of aragon) brought country of castile
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Isabella
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family that had a member become emperor of switzerland weak kingdom with little land but used the royalty name to marry other royalty this lead to the family gaining control of austria and lands around central europe continued to become a powerful family added the netherlands, luxembourg, and burgundy. married in a spanish royal family and gained large spanis and italian holdings eventually become most powerful family in europe could not reunite the holy roman empire
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Habsburg
