Med Terms Chapter 10b – Flashcards
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angioplasty
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surgical repair of a blood vessel
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atherectomy
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excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter)
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endarterectomy
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excision within the artery (excision of plaque from the arterial wall)
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pericardiocentesis
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surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
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phlebectomy
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excision of a vein
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phlebotomy
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incision into a vein
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valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of a valve
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splenectomy
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excision of the spleen
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splenopexy
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surgical fixation of the spleen
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thymectomy
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excision of the thymus gland
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aneurysmectomy
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surgical excision of an aneurysm
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atrial fibrillation ablation
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procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
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cardiac pacemaker
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battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow, secondary to an abnormal sinus node
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
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coronary stent
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supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
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embolectomy
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surgical removal of an embolus or clot usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bring the clot with it
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femoropopliteal bypass
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surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
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implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD)
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device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. If life-threatening arrhythmias occur, the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm
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intracoronary thrombolytic therapy
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injection of a medication either intravenously or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots in the coronary arteries before they become hardened. It is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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procedure in which a balloon is passed through a blood vessel into a coronary artery to the area where plaque is formed. Inflation of the balloon compresses the plaque against the vessel wall, expanding the inner diameter of the blood vessel, which allows the blood to circulate more freely
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bone marrow aspiration
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procedure to aspirate a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of blood cells
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bone marrow biopsy
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procedure to obtain a sample of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of blood cells
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bone marrow transplant
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infusion of healthy bone marrow cells to a recipient with matching cells from a donor
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angiography
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radiographic imaging of blood vessels
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angioscope
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instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel
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angioscopy
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visual examination of a blood vessel
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aortogram
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radiographic image of the aorta
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arteriogram
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radiographic image of an artery
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venogram
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radiographic image of a vein
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echocardiogram (ECHO)
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record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound (used to detect valvular disease and evaluate heart disease)
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electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
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record of the electrical activity of the heart
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electrocardiograph
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instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
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electrocardiography
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process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that subtracts or removes structures not being studied
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doppler ultrasound
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study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities
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exercise stress test
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study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. Electrocardiograph, echocardiography, and nuclear medicine scanning are three types of stress tests performed to measure cardiac function while exercising
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single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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nuclear medicine scan that visualizes that heart from several different angles, producing 3D images; used to assess damage to cardiac tissue
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thallium test
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nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. ____, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells, but not in ischemia or infarction. These areas are identified as "cold" spots on the images produced. ____ testing can be performed when the patient is at rest or it can be part of a stress test.
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transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
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ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides views of the heart structures
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cardiac catheterization
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diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart through a blood vessel to examine the condition of the heart and surround blood vessels; used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease
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impedance plethysmography (IPG)
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measures venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance in the vein; used to detect deep vein thrombosis
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blood pressure (BP)
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pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. A ____ _____ measurement written as systolic pressure (120) and diastolic pressure (80) is commonly recorded as 120/80
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pulse
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rhythmic expansion of an artery, created by the contraction of the heart, that can be felt with a fingertip. The pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery; however, the pulsations can be felt her a number of sites, including the femoral and carotid arteries
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sphygmomanometer
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device used for measuring blood pressure
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C-reactive protein (CRP)
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blood test to measure the amount of _____ _______ in the blood, which, when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. It is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease
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creating phosphokinase (CPK)
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blood test used to measure the level of _____ ______, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. The test is useful in evaluating patients with acute myocardial infarction
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homocysteine
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blood test used to measure the amount of ______ in the blood. _____ is an amino acid that, if elevated, may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
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lipid profile
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blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood. The test is used to evaluate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to monitor therapy of existing disease. Result provide levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides
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troponin
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blood test that measures _____, a heart muscle enzyme. _______ are released into the blood approximately 3 hours after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7 to 10 days. The test is useful in the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction
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coagulation time
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blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
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complete blood count (CBC) and differential count (Diff)
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laboratory test for basic blood, screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets; this automated test quickly provides a tremendous amount of information about the blood
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hematocrit (HCT)
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blood test to measure the volume of erythrocytes. It is used in the diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients
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hemoglobin (Hgb)
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blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components in erythrocytes
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prothrombin time (PT)
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blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin, an oral anticoagulant medication
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atrioventricular (AV)
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pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
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cardiac
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pertaining to the heart
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cardiogenic
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originating in the heart
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cardiologist
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physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
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cardiology
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study of the heart
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hypothermia
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condition of body temperature that is below normal
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intravenous (IV)
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pertaining to within the vein
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phlebologist
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physician who studies and treats diseases of the veins
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phlebology
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study of veins
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hematologist
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physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
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hematology
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study of the blood
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hematopoiesis
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formation of blood (cells)
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hemolysis
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dissolution of (red) blood (cells)
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hemostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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myelopoiesis
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formation of bone marrow
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plasmapheresis
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removal of plasma
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thrombolysis
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dissolution of a clot
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bruit
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abnormal vascular sound heard through auscultation, caused by turbulent blood flow through arteries or veins. Cardiovascular system abnormalities, such as aneurysm, create a distinctive _______. ______ may occur in numerous sites throughout the body where blood flow or body system functioning is abnormal
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions and artificial ventilation
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defibrillation
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application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
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diastole
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phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood between contractions (lower number of BP)
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extracorporeal
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occurring outside the body; during open-heart surgery _____ circulation occurs when blood is diverted outside the body to a heart-lung machine
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extravasation
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escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
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fibrillation
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rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles
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hypercholesterolemia
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excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood, associated with heightened risk of cardiovascular disease
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hyperlipidemia
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excessive amount of fats in the blood
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hypertension
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blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 140/90)
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hypertriglyceridemia
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excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
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hypotension
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blood pressure that is below normal (less than 90/60)
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lipids
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fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body and are an important constituent of cell structure
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lumen
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space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
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murmur
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abnormal cardiac sound heart through auscultation, caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart. ____ are short-duration sounds heard in the cardiac region that are distinct from normal heart sounds. Heart valve defects, such as mitral valve stenosis, create a distinctive _____
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occlude
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to close tightly, to block
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systole
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phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contact and eject blood (upper number of a blood pressure reading
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vasoconstrictor
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agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessels
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vasodilator
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agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessels
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venipuncture
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procedure used to puncture a vein with a needle to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
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anticoagulant
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agent that slows the blood clotting process
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blood dyscrasia
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abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
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hemorrhage
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rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding
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allergen
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environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in the body such as house dust, pollen, animal dander, and various foods
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allergist
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physician who studies and treats allergic conditions
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allergy
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hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response
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anaphylaxis
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exaggerate, life-threatening reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex. Symptoms range from mild, with patients experiencing hives or sneezing, to severe symptoms such as drop in blood pressure and blockage of the airway, which can lead to death
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antibody
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substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivated or destroys antigens
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antigen
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substance that triggers and immune response when introduced into the body such as transplant tissue, toxins, and infectious organisms
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autoimmune disease
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disease caused by the body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissues such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematous are examples of autoimmune diseases
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immune
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being resistant to specific invading pathogens
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immunodeficiency
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deficient immune response caused by the immune system dysfunction brought on by disease or immunosuppressive drugs
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immunologist
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physician who studies and treats immune system disorders
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immunology
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the branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders
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phagocytosis
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process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells
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vaccine
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suspension of inactivated microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray to prevent infectious diseases by inducing immunity
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ACS
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acute coronary syndrome
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AFib
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atrial fibrillation
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AV
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atrioventricular
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BP
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blood pressure
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CABG
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coronary artery bypass graft
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CAD
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coronary artery disease
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CBC and Diff
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complete blood count and differential
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CCU
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coronary care unit
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CPK
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creatine phosphokinase
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CRP
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C-reactive protein
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DSA
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digital subtraction angiography
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DVT
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deep vein thrombosis
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ECG, EKG
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electrocardiogram
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ECHO
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echocardiogram
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Hct
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hematocrit
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HF
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heart failure
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Hgb
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hemoglobin
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HHD
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hypertensive heart disease
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ICD
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implantable cardiac defibrillator
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IPG
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impedance plethysmography
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IV
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intravenous
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MI
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myocardial infarction
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PAD
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peripheral arterial disease
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PT
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prothrombin time
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PTCA
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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RBC
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red blood cell
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SPECT
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single-photon emission computed tomography
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TEE
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transesophageal echocardiogram
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WBC
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white blood cell
