MCB3023 Test 3 – Flashcards
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| proteobacteria |
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| gram negative; over 1300 species |
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| brucella |
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| alpha proteobacteria; jumps from cows to people (unpasterized milk) and can induce abortion |
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| zymonanas |
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| alpha proteobacteria; important in the production of ethanol...spoils beer? |
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| rhizobacteria |
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| alpha proteobacterium; important in fixing nitrogen (agriculture) |
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| neisseria gonorrheae |
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| beta proteobacteria; STD; can cause blindness in babies (gonococcal opthalmia) |
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| bordetella |
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| beta proteobacteria; whooping cough (pertussa) |
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| E. coli |
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| gamma proteobacteria; a pathogenic strain releases hemolytic siga toxin which dstroys RBCs thereby overloading kidnes with proteins (syndrome is called uremic hemolytic syndrome) |
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| fracisella |
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| gamma proteobacteria; highly antibiotic resistant AND pathogenic (can be used as bioterrorism agen); causes skin infection; lethal |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| gamma proteobacteria; black plague |
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| pseudomonas |
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| gamma proteobacteria; some species are pathogenic and have a high antibiotic resistance |
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| acinetobacter |
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| delta proteobacteria |
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| moraxella |
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| delta proteobacteria |
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| myxococcus |
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| delta proteobacteria |
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| campilobacter |
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| episolon proteobacteria |
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| helicobacter |
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| episolon proteobacteria; causes ulcers in gut |
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| Firmicutes |
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| a phylum of bacteria w/ low G=C content gram pos. bacteria as well as mycoplasmas |
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| clostridium |
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| Firmicutes; strictly anaerobic; produces nuerotoxins that paralyzies muscle fibers |
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| bacillus anthracis |
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| Firmicutes; produces spores, easy to transport and produce, highly antibiotic resistant; bioterrorism agent |
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| staphlococcus |
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| Firmicutes; MRSA |
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| streptococcus |
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| Firmicutes; flesh eating bacteria |
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| lactobacillus |
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| Firmicutes; used in food production (bread, wine, probiotic effect) |
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| Spirochetes |
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| phylum of bacteria; it's associated with human disease but it's hard to culture. also it's hard to distinguish b/n species within it (PTS systems differ between them) |
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| Tapnema, leptospira, borrellia |
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| spirochetes |
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| monophyletic |
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| common descent from ONE ancestor |
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| Chytridiomycota--Fungi |
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| can be saprophytic (capable of degrading cellulose/keratin) and parasitic; produce a zoospore (with a single flagella); can be sexual and asexual; cells exist as single celled, small multinucleate mass, true mycelium |
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| zygomycota--fungi |
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| saprophyties/parasitic (few), hyphae are coenocytic or multinucleated and haploid; sexual repro. results in zygospores; asexual repro results in spores w/in sporangia at tip of hyphae |
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| zygospore |
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| tough/thick walled zygotes that can remain dormant in adverse conditions |
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| Rhizopus Stolonifer |
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| member of zygomycota; when conditions are unfavorable they sexually reproduce: begins when homrnones produced due to proximity results in formation of progametangia which then mature into gametangia; the gamentai fuse along with the nuclei of the gametes to produce a zygote (zygospore). in order to germinate, meiosis cocurs and the zygospore splits and produces a hyphae that is haploid |
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| Glomeromycota--FUNGI |
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| filamentous, most are endomycorrhizal (symbionts with plants), arbuscular; lack cilium; form asxual spores outside of host plant; lack centrioles, conidia and areaial spores (appressoria--flattened hypae penetrate the plant) |
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| Ascomycota--FUNGI |
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| commonly known as sac fungi; sexual reproduction involves meisosis of a diploid nucleus in an ascus, giving rise to haploid ascospores; most also undergo asxual repro w/ the formation of condiospores. many produce asci w/in complex fruting bodies called ascocarps. includes saprophytic, pparasitic forms; many form mutalisms with phototropic microbes to form lichen |
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| S. cerevisae |
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| member of ascomcota; yeast; then nutrients are abundant haploid and diploid cells undergo mitosis and grow vegetatively when nutrients are limited diplids undergo meiosis to produce four haploid cells that remain bound to a common cell wall (ascus) upond the addn of nutrients 2 haploid cells of opposite mating types fuse to make diploid |
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| filamentous ascomycota |
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| undergo asxual repro (to form conidispore); can also reproduce sexually |
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| Basidiomycota--FUNGI |
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| club fungi; sexual reproduction involves formation of a basidium within which haploid basidiospores ar formed. usually 4 spores per basidum but can range from 1 to 8. sexual repro involves fusion w/ opposite matying type resulting in a dikaryotic mycelium w/ parental nucei paired but not initially fused; many are saprophytes |
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| death angel |
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| member of basidomycota, aminta phalloides produces toins alpha amanitin and phalloidin |
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| Urediniomycota/ustilaginomycota--FUNGI |
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| form small basidiocarps; contains rusts and smuts (plant pathogents); dimorphic |
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| Microosporidia--FUNGI |
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| sometimes still referred to as prostists; obligate intracellular parasites of fish/insects/humans; lack centrioles, mitochonria, and peroxisomes; spores have an inner chitin wall and outer wall of protein; produce a tube for host penetration |
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| Candidaisis |
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| mycoses of ascomycota; dimorphic, thrush |
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| Blastomycosis |
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| mycoses of ascomycota; caused by dimorphic fungi dermatidis; 3 forms: cutaneous, pumonary and disseminated |
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| histoplasmosis |
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| mycoses of ascomycota; caused by hisoplasma capsulatum, most infections are symptomless |
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| aflatoxins |
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| mycoses of ascomycota; aspergillus flavus and a. parasituc (saprophytes) produce these toxins; commonly contaminate grains. these are carcinogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive |
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| aspergillosis |
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| mycoses of ascomycota; mostly widely distributed disease causing fungi (pulmonary infection) |
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| pneumocysitis pneumonia |
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| mycoses of ascomycota; PCP; only immune compromised ppl get diease (alveoli fill up w/ exudate) |
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| plus strand |
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| The plus strand is the same as the sense strand and can also be called the coding or non-template strand. This is the strand that has the same sequence as the mRNA (except it has Ts instead of Us). |
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| minus strand |
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| the template, minus, or antisense strand, is complementary to the mRNA. |
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| important properties of viruses |
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| nucleic acid type and strandedness, presence of envelope, symmetry of evenlope, dimmension of virion and capside |
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| baltimore sys of classification |
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| for viruses; 6 groups based on nucleic acid/strandedness |
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| Group 1 viruses |
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| ds DNA; most common type; virus can use host polymerase and/or viral genes for replication and mRNA synthesis |
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| T4 |
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| group 1 virus; timing of mRNA production is controlled by 2 sigma factors; uses a modified cytosine (HMC) to protect itself fro restriction enzymes |
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| bacteriophage lambda |
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| group 1 virus; temperate; genome is linear inside capsid bur circularizes inside the cell; it makes the decision on lytic or lysogenic cycles based on the production of two proteins cro (favors lytic) and lambda repressor (favors lysogeny) |
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| herpes |
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| group 1 virus; enveloped, spiked, linear genome |
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| varicella zoster virus |
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| group 1 virus; causes chickenpox/shingles |
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| HPV |
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| group 1 virus; STD, cancer associated, vaccine available |
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| variola virus |
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| group 1 virus; smallpox, large virus, high fatality, vaccine eradicated it |
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| Group 2 Viruses |
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| single (positive) DNA genome; uses rolling circle replication to make dsDNA |
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| fd phage |
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| group 2 virus; circular, pos. DNA; infects F+, F', and HFr cells through the pilus; do not kill host through lytic cycle (continously secrete virions instead) |
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| human parvovirus |
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| group 2 virus; causes eythema infectiosum; tricks host into replicating its ssDNA b folding on itself to act as a primer |
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| Group 3 viruses |
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| ds RNA genome: require virla RNA dependent RNA polymerase (which replicates genome and is a transcriptase) |
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| rotavirus |
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| group 3 virus; spread via fecal-oral contamination; causes viral gastroenteritis |
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| Group 4 viruses |
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| plus strand ssRNA genome; uses this strand to make protein |
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| poliovirus |
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| group 4 virus; inhabits GI; causes paralysis; vaccines have nearly eradicated it |
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| heptatis C |
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| group 4 virus; transfered through blood and sexual contact |
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| TMV |
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| group 4 virus; upon entry, generate mRNA instead of making proteins; plant virus that can enter via wound |
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| other group 4 viruses |
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| Hep A, norovirus (gastroenteritis), flavivirus (west nile fever), rubella, SARS |
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| Group 5 Viruses |
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| minus strand RNA; genome cannot function as mRNA so a RNA dependent RNA polymerase has to be packed into capside; mRNA has a 5' cap and poly A tail; first uses genome as template for mRNA then a plus strand RNA is synthesized for replicatoin |
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| rabies virus |
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| group 5 virus; neurotropic virus in salivary glands (by bites/contaminination of wound); once inside the brain, it produces Negri bodies which causes encephalitis and paralyses |
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| influenza virus |
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| group 5 virus; virus is classified by group, host location, strain number, year and antigenic description (HA and NA antigen types are the reason for continual reinfection) |
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| Group VI viruses |
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| Retroviruses; plus strand RNA but they don't use their genome as mRNA--they convert it to ds DNA capable of integrating into the host's genome (require an RNA dependent DNA polymerase --reverse transcriptase) in the virus |
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| HIV |
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| group VI virus |
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| ricketssia |
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| alpha proteobacteria; causes typhus; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; it's intracellular |
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| directional cloning |
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| you know that the ORF will encode a protein in one direction, if you clone it in the reverse direction it will not have the same info, ok...so to clone it directionally you have to use 2 restriction sites, one in the 5' end and a different in the 3' end, if you digested the plasmid with those 2 enzymes, your cloning will be only in one direction |
