MC #1 – Flashcards

1. Which of these are structures in a gametophyte generation? A. leaves, stems, roots, flowers, cones B. spores, egg, sperm, pollen, archegonium C. antheridium, embryo, seed, spores, flower D. egg, sperm, zygote, embryo, seedling

2. Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic? A. Protists do not constitute all of the descendents of the first eukaryote. B. Protists all share a common set of synapomorphies. C. Protists are all more primitive than land plants and animals. D. Protists do not share a single common ancestor. E. All of the above answers apply.

3. According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? A. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP. B. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide. C. The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose. D. The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive. E. The host cell would have been poisoned if it had digested the engulfed cell.

4. Imagine there are 25 different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. Over the course of a year, the average water temperature of the tide pool increases significantly. Which species are more likely thrive in the changing environment? A. the sexually reproducing species B. the asexually reproducing species

The radiation of angiosperms can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT: A. vessels B. seed dispersers C. fruits D. flowers

6. About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have: A. looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B. been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria C. been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal D. had nonvascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

7. During your trip to the botany garden in lab, you saw bamboo. This is a(n): A. Angiosperm B. Gymnosperm C. Gnetophyte D. Cycad

8. A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and A. the rock it is attached to B. cyanobacteria C. a tree, where it helps to fix nitrogen at the roots D. yeast

9. Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because: A. Spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not. B. Spores have an embryo; seeds do not. C. Spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not. D. Spores are unicellular; seeds are not. E. Spores depend primarily on animals for dispersal; seeds do not.

10. Why are terrestrial fungal mycelia nearly always found within their food sources (underground, within wood, inside the bodies of dead organisms)? A. It is a defense mechanism to avoid being eaten. B. The UV in sunlight kills fungi. C. Only the reproductive structures appear on the surface. D. Their high surface area, which is so efficient for absorptive feeding, makes them prone to drying out.

11. Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them? A. Larvae use notochords to aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer need notochords. B. Larvae use notochords to stiffen their bodies; in adults the notochord is replaced by a column of bone. C. Larvae use notochords to induce tissue differentiation; in adults tissue is already differentiated. D. Larvae use notochords to organize their nervous systems; adults' nervous systems are more locally distributed.

12. To move water from the roots to the tips of leaves includes two major forces, cohesion and tension. A. True B. False

13. DNA sequence data confirms the traditional view that the Basidiomycota are monophyletic. A. True B. False

14. In which phase of the life cycle do ectomycorrhizal fungi (basdiomycetes and ascomycetes) spend most of their time (which phase is the symbiotic, nutrient-gathering phase)? A. haploid spore or recently germinated spore B. fruiting structure (mushroom and ascocarp) C. heterokaryotic mycelium

15. How many cell membranes would you expect to find around the chloroplast in an organism that has acquired the chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four e. Six

16. Which of the following is NOT an advantage that the eukaryotes gain by having organelles? a. Use of cytoskeleton for transport b. Can achieve a smaller size c. Create cellular compartments to optimize chemical reactions d. Products can be transported between specialized organelles

17. Which of the following is not found in prokaryotes? a. Flagella b. Nuclear Envelope c. Chlorophyll d. Ribosomes e. Peptidoglycan cell wall

18.Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms requires high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration? a. Splitting of water during anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria dramatically increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere b. Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria decreased the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, leading to simultaneous increase of oxygen. c. Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. d. Anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere by reducing the amount of iron oxides that are able to react instantly

19. Which of the following groups is NOT part of the marine phytoplankton? a. diatoms b. foraminiferans c. radiolarians d. ameobozoans e. dinoflagellates

20. Which of the following is an advantage of possessing a membrane bound nucleus, as in the eukaryotes? a. It allows for sexual reproduction b. DNA can be packaged into chromosomes c. It separates transcription from translation d. Answers a & b both apply e. Answers a & c both apply

Describe four lines of evidence that support the endosymbiotic hypothesis of mitochondrial origin in eukaryotes. Be

To what taxon group (at the most specific level covered in lecture) are mitochondria most closely related to at the genetic level?