Mastering Anatomy: General and Special Senses – Flashcards
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Which of these statements about the afferent division of the nervous system is true?
It ascends with sensory information.
It descends with motor information.
It descends with sensory information.
It ascends with motor information.
answer
It ascends with sensory information
question
Which of these is not a property of phasic receptors?
They are always active.
They are fast-adapting.
They are sensitive to stimulus changes.
They are good for sensing vibration.
answer
They are always active.
question
Central adaptation can be defined as __________.
ANSWER:
inhibition of the tonic receptors
inhibition along a sensory pathway
decline in receptor sensitivity
a property of tonic receptors
answer
inhibition along a sensory pathway
question
Which of these is a general sense?
ANSWER:
pain
temperature
proprioception
All of these are general senses.
answer
all of them
question
Which of these is not a property of thermoreceptors?
ANSWER:
They have free nerve endings.
They are found within the dermis.
They are slow-adapting.
The "cold" and "warm" receptors are structurally indistinguishable.
answer
They are slow adapting.
question
Which of these is not a property of fast pain?
ANSWER:
It is also called prickly pain.
It is carried by myelinated fibers.
It is fast-adapting.
It is sensitive to mechanical tissue injury.
answer
It is fast adapting.
question
A receptor that contains many mechanically-gated ion channels would function best as a __________.
ANSWER:
baroreceptor
proprioceptor
tactile receptor
It would function well as any of these receptors
answer
all of these
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Which ascending tracts connect to the cerebellum?
The blue colored tracts
The yellow colored tracts
The green colored tracts
None of these
answer
The yellow colored tracts
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Which of these is not a property of chemoreceptors?
ANSWER:
They trigger visceral reflexes.
They are interoceptors.
They are classed as nociceptors.
They are found in carotid bodies.
answer
They are classed as nociceptors.
question
Which of these is not a type of mechanoreceptor?
ANSWER:
baroreceptor
nociceptor
tactile
proprioceptor
answer
nociceptor
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If a nerve impulse was transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) on a C fiber, ____________.
ANSWER:
it would lead to a quick sensation of cold
it would lead to a quick sensation of pain
it would lead to a slow sensation of pain
it would lead to a slow sensation of cold
answer
it would lead to a slow sensation of pain
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the spinocerebellar pathway?
ANSWER:
The medulla oblongata
The lateral white column of the spinal cord
The thalamus
The pons
answer
The thalamus
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Which of these sensory pathways carries afferent impulses that don't produce perceptions?
ANSWER:
spinocerebellar pathway
spinothalamic pathway
posterior column pathway
visceral pathways
answer
spinocerebellar pathway
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Proprioceptors signal all but __________.
ANSWER:
joint angle
muscle tension
muscle length
muscle temperature
answer
muscle temperature
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Which of these sensory modalities is not carried within the posterior column pathway?
ANSWER:
pain
proprioception
pressure
fine touch
answer
pain
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Which of these is not a property of the somatic nervous system?
ANSWER:
Includes upper motor neurons in the brain.
Has control of skeletal muscles.
Has control of cardiac muscle.
Includes lower motor neuron in the brain stem or spinal cord.
answer
Has control of cardiac muscle
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The corticospinal system exerts __________.
ANSWER:
voluntary control over smooth muscles
involuntary control over smooth muscles
involuntary control over cardiac muscle
voluntary control over skeletal muscles
answer
voluntary control over skeletal muscles
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What is the olfactory pathway to the Cerebrum?
answer
Olfactory epithelium, Olfactory nerve fibers, Olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, central nervous system
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Which of the following is NOT part of the pathway for the sense of smell?
ANSWER:
Frontal sinus
Olfactory bulb
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Cranial nerve pair I
answer
Frontal sinus
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Olfactory glands __________.
ANSWER:
support the submucosa
generate the sense of smell
are covered with cilia
secrete a pigmented mucus
answer
secrete a pigmented mucus
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The first step in the olfactory process is __________.
ANSWER:
an odorant dissolves in the olfactory mucus fluid
ion channels open
detection in the olfactory bulbs
odorant molecule binds to its receptor
answer
an odorant dissolves in the olfactory mucus fluid
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The first step in the process of olfaction is __________.
ANSWER:
sniffing the air
mucus production
an odorant molecule binding to a specific protein
All of these events occur at the beginning of olfaction.
answer
an odorant molecule binding to a specific protein
question
Which of the following is involved in the gustatory perception of amino acids?
ANSWER:
Basal cells
Filiform papillae
Umami receptors
Receptors in the throat
answer
Umami receptors
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Gustatory receptors are found in __________.
ANSWER:
lingual papillae
the skin
the cochlea
the retina
answer
lingual papillae
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Gustatory receptors function most like __________.
ANSWER:
olfactory receptors
hair cells
photoreceptors
vestibular receptors
answer
olfactory receptors
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Which two structures make up the outermost fibrous tunic of the eye?
ANSWER:
cornea and retina
sclera and choroid
choroid and retina
cornea and sclera
answer
cornea and sclera
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Which of the following is NOT part of the vascular tunic of the eye?
ANSWER:
choroid
optic disc
ciliary body
iris
answer
optic disc
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The area of the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones is known as the _______.
ANSWER:
ora serrata
lens
optic disc
fovea
answer
fovea
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What is the epithelium that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye called?
ANSWER:
cornea
lacrimal caruncle
palpebrae
conjunctiva
answer
conjunctiva
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Which of the following is NOT a structure within the visual axis?
ANSWER:
Suspensory ligaments
Fovea
Lens
Cornea
answer
Suspensory ligaments
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Which of the following is found in the optic disc?
ANSWER:
Choroid
Rods and cones
Axons of ganglion cells
Axons of bipolar neurons
answer
axons of ganglion cells
(Axons of the ganglion cells travel over the surface of the retina, come together at the optic disc, and form the optic nerve.)
question
Which of these statements regarding the cornea is false?
ANSWER:
It is part of the vascular tunic.
It refracts light strongly.
It is transparent.
It is covered by conjunctiva.
answer
It is part of the vascular tunic.
question
The "white" of the eye is part of the __________ tunic.
ANSWER:
neural
fibrous
vascular
The "white" of the eye is part of all of these.
answer
fibrous
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Which of these functions does the vascular tunic serve?
ANSWER:
It controls the shape of the lens.
It regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
It supports blood vessels and lymphatics.
The vascular tunic performs all of these functions
answer
all
question
Which of the following are not properties of the palpebrae?
ANSWER:
They contain tarsal glands.
They protect the eye.
They comprise the eyebrows.
They are controlled by cranial nerves.
answer
they comprise the eyebrows.
question
The gritty deposit that accumulates in the medial canthus is secreted by the __________.
ANSWER:
chalazion
lacrimal caruncle
Meibomian glands
palpebrae
answer
lacrimal caruncle
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Bipolar neurons in the retina __________.
ANSWER:
synapse with ganglion cells
are a class of photoreceptors
send axons into cranial nerve II
connect amacrine cells with horizontal cells
answer
synapse with ganglion cells
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Lacrimal glands ____________.
ANSWER:
produce a watery secretion
moisten the cornea
produce lysozyme
Lacrimal glands perform all of these functions.
answer
all
question
Which of these is not one of the three layers of the eye?
ANSWER:
fibrous tunic
neural tunic
vascular tunic
scleral tunic
answer
scleral tunic
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Which of these is the correct pathway for transmission of visual information?
ANSWER:
photoreceptor → bipolar cell → ganglion cell
photoreceptor → horizontal cell → ganglion cell
photoreceptor → bipolar cell → horizontal cell
ganglion cell → bipolar cell → photoreceptor
answer
photoreceptor → bipolar cell → ganglion cell
question
What is the correct visual pathway?
answer
Photoreceptors in the retina, Optic Nerve 2, Optic chiasm, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Projection fibers, visual cortex of cerebral hemispheres.
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The region of the retina that contains only tightly packed cones is the __________.
ANSWER:
tapetum lucidum
fovea
inner segment
inner compartment
answer
fovea
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"An elongated outer segment containing membranous discs that is connected by a thin stalk to the inner segment" best describes __________.
ANSWER:
a horizontal cell
an amacrine cell
a bipolar cell
a photoreceptor
answer
a photoreceptor
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Retinal, a component of all the visual pigments, is made from __________.
ANSWER:
vitamin K
vitamin E
vitamin A
vitamin D
answer
A
question
Which of these is not a type of photoreceptor?
ANSWER:
yellow cone
green cone
blue cone
red cone
answer
yellow
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What is the name for the ear canal?
ANSWER:
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
auricle
external acoustic meatus
answer
external acoustic meatus
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the middle ear?
ANSWER:
oval window
cochlea
auditory ossicles
auditory tube
answer
cochlea
question
Which two structures of the internal ear make up the vestibular complex (which provides the sense of equilibrium)?
ANSWER:
vestibule and semicircular canals
cochlea and vestibule
cochlea and semicircular canals
tympanic membrane and cochlea
answer
vestibule and semicircular canals
question
What are the steps of reception and translation of sound energy in the correct order.
answer
Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane, Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles, Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the scala vestibule, The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the scala tympani, vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane, Information about the region and the intensity of simulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve 8.
question
What would result from inflammation and blockage in the area indicated by the arrow?
Swelling of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Loss of equilibrium
Infection of the cochlea
Fluid accumulation in the tympanic cavity
answer
Fluid accumulation in the tympanic cavity
(Blockage of the auditory tube will cause fluid to accumulate in the middle ear, or tympanic cavity)
question
What is the function of the area in the ear indicated by the arrow?
Transmits vibrations from sound waves to the cochlea
Generates nerve impulses when the head rotates
Generates nerve impulses for hearing
Generates nerve impulses when the body accelerates
answer
Generates nerve impulses when the head rotates.
question
The chain of ossicles begins at the __________ and ends at the __________.
ANSWER:
tympanic membrane; round window
cochlea; round window
cochlea; oval window
tympanic membrane; oval window
answer
tympanic membrane; oval window
question
A sudden loud noise will reflexively cause the tensor tympani muscle to __________ and cause the stapedius muscle to __________.
ANSWER:
contract; relax
contract; contract
relax; relax
relax; contract
answer
contract; contract
question
Relative movement of the __________ in the semicircular canals signals rotation of the head.
ANSWER:
epilymph
paralymph
perilymph
endolymph
answer
endolymph
question
Large movements of the __________ will cause large displacements of the __________.
ANSWER:
utricles; saccules
tympanic membrane; utricles
tympanic membrane; basilar membrane
basilar membrane; semicircular canals
answer
tympanic membrane; basilar membrane
question
Which of these is not a division of the bony labyrinth?
ANSWER:
semicircular canals
auditory ossicles
cochlea
vestibule
answer
auditory ossicles
question
The external ear does not include the ___________.
ANSWER:
tympanic membrane
stapes
acoustic meatus
pinna
answer
stapes
question
Cochlear hair cells are located in the ___________.
ANSWER:
organ of Corti
perilymph
vestibule
acoustic meatus
answer
organ of Corti
