Mastering #11 – Flashcards
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Where does anti diuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water re absorption?
a. ascending limb of the nephron loop
b. collecting duct
c. descending limb of the nephron loop
d. distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
answer
B
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes an increase in aquaporins in cells of the collecting duct. More aquaporins in the cell membranes causes them to reabsorb more water from the filtrate, and the urine becomes more concentrated.
question
Interstitial fluid is located in the _______.
spaces surrounding the kidney tubule
tubule lumen
peritubular capillaries
glomerulus
answer
A
question
Secretion of ADH would _______.
increase urine output
increase glomerular filtration rate
decrease glomerular filtration rate
decrease urine output
answer
D
question
The reabsorption of water and solutes _______.
a. depends on concentration gradients
b. is passive and is into the peritubular capillaries
c. is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries
d. is passive
e. is into the peritubular capillaries
answer
C
question
When ADH is present in the filtrate, _______.
a. urine concentration decreases
b. urine concentration increases
c. urine output increases
d. urine concentration increases and urine output increases
e. urine concentration decreases and urine output increases
answer
B
question
What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?
a. The urine volume stayed the same.
b. The urine volume decreased.
c. The urine volume increased.
d. The urine volume went to zero.
answer
B
question
What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?
The urine concentration stayed the same.
The urine concentration decreased.
The urine concentration increased.
The urine concentration went to zero.
answer
C
question
What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct?
The urine volume will increase.
The urine volume will stay the same.
The urine volume will decrease.
The urine volume will go to zero.
answer
A
question
Which of these should NOT normally appear in urine?
phosphates
sodium
creatine
glucose
answer
d
Glucose would normally be completely reabsorbed during urine formation and should not be in a urine sample.
question
Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra?
a. transport of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
b. storage of urine
c. transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
d. the carrying out of countercurrent processes that form urine
answer
C
The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
question
The __________ is a skeletal muscle under conscious control that allows urine to leave the bladder.
external urethral orifice
prostatic urethra
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
answer
D
The external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle. As you recall, skeletal muscle is primarily controlled consciously. As such, a person during sleep would automatically leak urine, just as he might drool on his pillow, if it were left up to a consciously controlled muscle.
question
Which urinary structure serves as the transporter for urine toward the bladder?
ureter
kidney
urethra
renal pelvis
answer
a
Healthy ureters are continuously active in moving urine by peristalsis toward the bladder.
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What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?
Na+
Cl-
K+
HPO42-
answer
a
Na+ is the most abundant cation in the interstitial fluid.
question
The majority of the fluid in the body is the __________.
electrolytic fluid
interstitial fluid
plasma
intracellular fluid
answer
d
Intracellular fluid makes up about 40% of the body weight and comprises over half of the fluid in the body.
question
Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?
a. dry mouth
b. decrease in blood volume
c. increase in blood pressure
d. detection of increased osmolality by osmoreceptors
answer
c
An increase in blood pressure would lead to a drop in the hormones and responses that would in turn trigger the thirst mechanism.
question
What hormone helps to maintain correct extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high?
aldosterone
angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
answer
c
High osmolality in extracellular tissue indicates a drop in blood pressure and loss of fluid volume. ADH acts on the kidneys to correct this by reclaiming more water from kidney filtrate.
question
What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments?
dehydration
edema
inflammation
hypotonic hydration
answer
D
Hypotonic hydration occurs when extracellular fluid becomes so hypotonic (dilute) that water is pulled into the cells. Excess water is present in cells, intracellular compartments, and extracellular compartments.
question
Which of the following statements about fluid movement is NOT correct?
a. Exchanges between plasma and interstitial fluid happen between capillary walls.
b. Under normal circumstances, lymph vessels help maintain fluid balance, especially between the plasma and the interstitial fluid.
c. Exchange between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid occurs across the plasma membrane.
d. Exchange between the plasma and the intracellular fluid occurs across the cell membrane.
answer
D
Exchange between the plasma and the intracellular fluid would have to involve exchange through the interstitial fluid.
question
Which chemical buffer system resists pH changes in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
a. bicarbonate buffer system
b. phosphate buffer system
c. physiological buffering systems
d. protein buffer system
answer
a
The bicarbonate buffer system is the only one that resists pH changes in the extracellular fluid (ECF).
question
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to __________.
a. a drop in blood pH
b. an increase in blood pH
c. a decrease in carbonic acid
d. a decreased respiratory rate
answer
a
An increase in CO2 results in the formation of more carbonic acid, which leads to an increase in acidity, or a drop in pH.
question
A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?
a. pure water, with a pH of 7
b. milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10
c. cola, with a pH of 3
d. black coffee, with a pH of 5
answer
B
Excellent! Excess acid can be buffered by the addition of an alkaline or base.
question
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?
a. More water will move to the muscles to move out the acid.
b. Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.
c. Weak acids in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.
d. More water will move to the muscles to buffer the acid.
answer
b
Excellent! Bases buffer acids, and acids buffer bases.
question
The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________.
a. maintaining CO2 balance
b. maintaining HCO3- balance
c. maintaining water balance
d. maintaining phosphate balance
answer
b
Excretion of bicarbonate is a long-term mechanism that the kidneys contribute to acid-base regulation.
