question

motivation

answer

forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's efforts

question

goal-setting theory

answer

a motivation theory stating that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end

question

stretch goals

answer

targets that are particularly demanding, sometimes even thought to be impossible

question

law of effect

answer

a law formulated by Edward Thorndike in 1911 stating that behavior that is followed by positive consequences will likely be repeated

question

reinforcers

answer

positive consequences that motive behavior

question

organizational behavior modification (OB MOD)

answer

the application of reinforcement theory in organization settings

question

positive reinforcement

answer

applying a consequence that increases the likelihood of a person repeating the behavior that led to it

question

negative reinforcement

answer

removing or with holding an undesirable consequence

question

punishment

answer

administering an aversive consequence

question

extinction

answer

withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence

question

expectancy theory

answer

a theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome

question

expectancy

answer

employees' perception of the likelihood that their efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals

question

outcome

answer

a consequence a person receives for his or her performance

question

instrumentality

answer

the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome

question

valence

answer

the value an outcome holds for the person contemplating it

question

Maslow's need hierarchy

answer

a human needs theory postulating that people are motivated to satisfy unmet needs in a specific order

question

Alderfer's ERG theory

answer

a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously

question

extrinsic rewards

answer

rewards given to a person by the boss, the company, or some other person

question

intrinsic reward

answer

reward a worker derives directly from performing the job itself

question

job rotation

answer

changing from one routine task to another to alleviate boredom

question

job enlargement

answer

giving people additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom

question

job enrichment

answer

changing a task to make it inherently more rewarding, motivating, and satisfying

question

two-factor theory

answer

Herzberg's theory describing two factors affecting people's work motivation and satisfaction

question

hygiene factors

answer

characteristics of the workplace, such as company policies, working conditions, pay, and supervision, that can make people dissatisfied

question

motivators

answer

factors that make a job more motivating, such as additional job responsibilities, opportunities for personal growth and recognition, and feelings of achievement

question

growth need strength

answer

the degree to which individuals want personal and psychological development

question

empowerment

answer

the process of sharing power with employees, thereby enhancing their confidence in their ability to perform their jobs and their belief that they are influential contributors to the organization

question

equity theory

answer

a theory stating that people assess how fairly they have been treated according to two key factors: outcomes and inputs

question

procedural justice

answer

using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible

question

quality of work life (QWL) programs

answer

programs designed to create a workplace that enhances employee well-being

question

psychological contract

answer

a set of perceptions of what employees owe their employers, and what their employers owe them

question

group

answer

a collection of people who interact to undertake a task but do not necessarily perform as a unit or achieve significant performance improvements

question

team

answer

a small number or people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

question

work teams

answer

teams that make or do things like manufacture, assemble, sell, or provide service

question

project and development teams

answer

teams that work on long-term projects but disband once the work is completed

question

parallel teams

answer

teams that operate separately from the regular work structure, and exist temporarily

question

management teams

answer

teams that coordinate and give direction to the subunits under their jurisdiction and integrate work among subunits

question

transnational teams

answer

work groups composed of multinational members whose activities span multiple countries

question

virtual teams

answer

teams that are physically dispersed and communicate electronically more than face-to-face

question

traditional work groups

answer

groups that have no managerial responsibilities

question

quality circles

answer

voluntary groups of people drawn from various production teams who make suggestions about quality

question

semiautonomous work groups

answer

groups that make decisions about managing and carrying out major production activities but get outside support for quality control and maintenance

question

autonomous work groups

answer

groups that control decisions about and execution of a complete range of tasks

question

self-designing teams

answer

teams with the responsibilities of autonomous work groups, plus control over hiring, firing, and deciding what task members perform

question

self-managed teams

answer

autonomous work groups in which workers are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a unit, have no immediate supervisor, and make decisions previously made by first-line supervisors

question

social loafing

answer

working less hard and being less productive when in a group

question

social facilitation effect

answer

working harder when in a group than when working alone

question

norms

answer

shared beliefs about how people should think and behave

question

roles

answer

different sets of expectations for how different individuals should behave

question

task specialist

answer

an individual who has more advanced job-related skills and abilities than other group members possess

question

team maintenance specialist

answer

individual who develops and maintains team harmony

question

cohesiveness

answer

the degree to which a group is attractive to its members, members are motivated to remain in the group, and members influence one another

question

gatekeeper

answer

a team member who keeps abreast of current developments and provides the team with relevant information

question

informing

answer

a team strategy that entails making decisions with the team and then informing outsiders of its intentions

question

parading

answer

a team strategy that entails simultaneously emphasizing internal team building and achieving external visibility

question

probing

answer

a team strategy that requires team members to interact frequently with outsiders, diagnose their needs, and experiment with solutions

question

conflict

answer

a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party

question

avoidance

answer

a reaction to conflict that involves ignoring the problem by doing nothing at all, or deemphasizing the disagreement

question

accommodation

answer

a style of dealing with conflict involving cooperation on behalf of the other party but not being assertive about one's own interests

question

compromise

answer

a style of dealing with conflict involving moderate attention to both parties' concerns

question

competing

answer

a style of dealing with conflict involving strong focus on one's own goals and little or no concern for the other person's goals

question

collaboration

answer

a style of dealing with conflict emphasizing both cooperation and assertiveness to maximize both parties' satisfaction

question

superordinate goals

answer

higher-level goals taking priority over group goals

question

mediator

answer

a third party who intervenes to help others manage their conflict

question

communication

answer

the transmission of information and meaning from one party to another through the use of shared symbols

question

one-way communication

answer

a process in which information flows in only one direction - from the sender to the receiver, with no feedback loop

question

two-way communication

answer

a process in which information flows in two directions - the receiver provides feedback, and the sender is receptive to the feedback

question

perception

answer

the process or receiving and interpreting information

question

filtering

answer

the process of withholding, ignoring, or distorting information

question

virtual office

answer

a mobile office in which people can work anywhere as long as they have the tools to communicate with customers and colleagues

question

media richness

answer

the degree to which a communication channel conveys information

question

reflection

answer

process by which a person states what he or she believes the other person is saying

question

downward communication

answer

information that flows from higher to lower levels in the organization's heirarchy

question

coaching

answer

dialogue with a goal of helping another be more effective and achieve his or her full potential on the job

question

open-book management

answer

practice of sharing with employees at all levels of the organization vital information previously meant for management's eyes only

question

upward communication

answer

information that flows from lower to higher levels in the organization's hierarchy

question

horizontal communication

answer

information shared among people on the same hierarchical level

question

grapevine

answer

informal communication network

question

boundaryless organization

answer

organization in which there are no barriers to information flow

question

control

answer

any process that directs the activities of individuals toward the achievement of organizational goals

question

bureaucratic control

answer

the use of rules, regulations, and authority to guide performance

question

market control

answer

control based on the use of pricing mechanisms and economic information to regulate activities within organizations

question

clan control

answer

control based on the norms, values, shared goals, and trust among group members

question

standard

answer

expected performance for a given goal: a target that establishes a desired performance level, motivates performance, and serves as a benchmark against which actual performance is assessed

question

principle of exception

answer

a managerial principle stating that control is enhanced by concentrating on the exceptions to or significant deviations form the expected result or standard

question

feedforward control

answer

the control process used before operations begin, including, policies, procedures, and rules designated to ensure that planned activities are carried out properly

question

concurrent control

answer

the control process used while plans are being carried out, including directing, monitoring, and fine-tuning activities as they are performed

question

feedback control

answer

control that focuses on the use of information about previous results to correct deviations from the acceptable standard

question

management audit

answer

an evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of various systems within an organization

question

external audit

answer

an evaluation conducted by one organization, such as a CPA firm, on another

question

internal audit

answer

a periodic assessment of a company's own planning, organizing, leading and controlling processes

question

budgeting

answer

the process of investigating what is being done and comparing the results with the corresponding budget data to verify accomplishments or remedy differences; also called "budgetary controlling"

question

accounting audits

answer

procedures used to verify accounting reports and statements

question

activity-based costing (ABC)

answer

a method of cost accounting designed to identify streams of activity and then to allocate coasts across particular business processes according to the amount of time employees devote to particular activities

question

balance sheet

answer

a report that shows the financial picture of a company at a given time and itemizes assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity

question

assets

answer

the values of the various items the corporation owns

question

liabilities

answer

the amounts a corporation owes to various creditors

question

stockholders' equity

answer

the amount accruing to the corporation's owners

question

profit and loss statement

answer

an itemized financial statement of the income and expenses of a company's operations

question

current ratio

answer

a liquidity ratio that indicates the extent to which a short-term asset can decline and still be adequate to pay short-term liabilities

question

debt-equity ratio

answer

a leverage ratio that indicates the company's ability to meet its long-term financial obligations

question

return on investment (ROI)

answer

a ratio of profit to capital used, or a rate of return from capital

question

management myopia

answer

focusing on short-term earnings and profits at the expense of longer-term strategic obligations

question

balanced scorecard

answer

control system combining four sets of performance measures: financial, customer, business process, and learning and growth

question

transfer price

answer

price charged by one unit for a good or service provided to another unit within the organization

question

technology audit

answer

process of clarifying the key technologies on which an organization depends

question

disruptive innovation

answer

a process by which a product, service, or business model takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then moves "up market," eventually displacing established competitors

question

make-or-buy decision

answer

the question an organization asks itself about whether to acquire new technology from an outside source or develop it itself

question

development project

answer

a focused organizational effort to create a new product or process via technological advances

question

organization development (OD)

answer

the systemwide application of behavioral science knowledge to develop, improve, and reinforce the strategies, structures, and processes that lead to organizational effectiveness

question

unfreezing

answer

realizing that current practices are inappropriate and that new behavior is necessary

question

performance GAP

answer

the difference between actual performance and desired performance

question

moving

answer

instituting change

question

force-field analysis

answer

an approach to implementing Lewin's unfreezing/moving/refreezing model by involving identifying the forces that prevent people from changing and those that will drive people toward change

question

refreezing

answer

strengthening the new behaviors that support the change

question

adapters

answer

companies that take the current industry structure and its evolution as givens, and choose where to compete

question

shapers

answer

companies that try to change the structure of their industries, creating a future competitive landscape of their own design

question

Chapter 11 of Karlins: Perfectionism What are some key topic of this chapter?

answer

- He knew a professor who was a perfectionist (She spent 10% of the time creating the work, and spent 90% of the time fine-tuning it) -There are only a few true reasons to be a perfectionist. (Defusing a bomb in NY city, or petty instances) -Grades: Is is really necessary to spent so much time studying to get all A's and have no free time when you can get A's and B's and enjoy free time and extracurriculars and still have the same potential as those with straight A's? The cost of perfectionism usually isn't worth all the time and hassle

question

Chapter 12 of Karlins: Healthy Lifestyle What are some key topic of this chapter?

answer

- Wendy Johnson (She was moving up in her career ladder quickly, but she died at age 45 because she had poor health) - Stress: Many dangers of stress (Heart attack and other health issues, loss of friends from over-acting, etc) & there is not room for excessive stress in your life - Relaxation Response (Basically meditating): 1. Find a calm environment, 2. find a mental device to repeat (Ommm) 3. Keep a passive attitude 4. Stay in a comfortable position. - Type A or B personality - What am I and how does one make the best of their personality -Practice personal ecology (Make a healthier lifestyle, be happier, have a more productive lifestyle)

question

Chapter 13 of Karlins: Battles What are some key topic of this chapter?

answer

- Choose battles that are worth the fight -Princeton Parking situation -Dropping a class situation -Four rules: -- Don't forget battles you have little change of winning -- Don't engage in battles not worth the fight -- Don't win battles that will cost you the war -- Don't rule out retreat as an eventual path

question

Chapter 14 of Karlins: Retirement What are some key topic of this chapter?

answer

-Retirement - Make sure you have a game plan (financial, happiness, keeping busy, what is your goal?) - Pine box retirement - Not retiring. Working in some complicity until you die - Once you retire boredom and self-worth are big factors of retirement that you want to have under control -Keep in contact with friends to be happy and to keep them happy. You were once so close, why do you have to slip away? (Don't use the excuse ... "I'm to busy")

question

Chapter 15 of Karlins: Recap What are some key topic of this chapter?

answer

This chapter basically just recapped the book. It told a story about a guy climbing the Zenfu mountains and the "old Master" gave insight on how this guy can find enlightenment. Basically the old master told him to read "Life Management 101." Everything is in this book. Re analyze your life while you have time and you are young.It will be worth it.

Management Test 3 USF – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards