Management Info Systems – Flashcards
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Invest in IT to achieve SIX important business objectives:
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i. OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE ii. NEW PRODUCTS, SERVICES AND BUSINESS MODELS iii. CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER INTIMACY iv. IMPROVED DECISION MAKING v. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE vi. SURVIVAL
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Information Technology
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THE HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT A BUSINESS USES TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVES.
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Information Systems
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SET OF INTERRELATED COMPONENTS THAT MANAGE INFORMATION TO i. Support decision making, coordination, and control ii. Help with analysis, visualization and product creation.
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Activities for an Information System t hat Produces Information (Four)
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INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT FEEDBACK
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Role of People and Organizations
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Information Systems Literacy Computer Literacy MIS
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Business Processes
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related tasks and behaviors for accomplishing work. May be informal or include formal structure and rules (protocol)
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Role of Managers
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i. Perceive business challenges ii. Set organizational strategy iii. Allocate human and financial resources iv. Creative work: new products and services
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Problem Solving is a Continuous four-step Process
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1. Problem identification 2. Solution design 3. Solution evaluation and choice 4. Implementation
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e. The role of Critical Thinking
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i. Involves sustained suspension of judgement with an awareness of multiple perspectives and alternatives. ii. Four elements of critical thinking: 1. Maintaining doubt and suspending judgement 2. Being aware of different perspectives 3. Testing alternatives and letting experience guide 4. Being aware of organizational and personal limitations.
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Accounting
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i. Accountants increasingly rely on information systems to summarize transactions, create financial records, organize data, and perform financial analysis. ii. Skills: 1. Knowledge of databases and networks 2. Online financial transactions and reporting systems 3. How systems are used to achieve accounting functions
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Finance
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i. The relationship between information systems and financial management and services is so strong that many advice finance majors to double major in information systems. ii. Skills: 1. Use systems for financial reporting, direct investment activities, implement cash management strategies 2. Plan, organize, implement information systems strategies for the firm.
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Marketing
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i. No field has undergone more technology-driven change in the past five years than marketing and advertising. ii. Skills: 1. Work with databases for tracking and reporting on customer behavior, product performance, customer feedback, product development. 2. Enterprise systems for product management, sales force management, customer relationship management.
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Business
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A FORMAL ORGANIZATION THAT MAKES PRODUCTS OR PROVIDES A SERVICE IN ORDER TO MAKE A PROFIT.
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Basic entities at the foundation of any business have five elements
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Suppliers Customers Employees Invoices/payments Products and services
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Business Processes: (4 things)
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Manufacturing and Production Sales and Marketing Finance and Accounting Human Resources
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Information Technology enhances business processes in two main ways:
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i. Increasing the efficiency of existing processes ii. Enabling entirely new processes that are capable of transforming the business.
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Firm Hierarchies
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1 Senior management 2 middle management 3 operational management 4 knowledge workers 5 data workers 6 production/service workers
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Types of Info Systems
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TPS (Transaction Processing Systems) MIS DSS (Decision Support Systems) ESS (Executive Support Systems) ERP (Enterprise Systems) SCM (Supply Chain Management Systems) CRP (Customer Relationship Management Systems) KM (Knowledge Management Systems)
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Enterprise Applications
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Integrate data from key business processes and different firm functions into single system
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Intranet
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Based on internet standards often very private access area in company websites
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Extranet
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company website and resources accessible to only authorized vendoes and suppliers
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E-Business
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i. Use of digital technology and the Internet to drive major business processes
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E-Commerce
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i. Subset of e-business ii. Buying and selling goods and services through the Internet
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E-Government
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Using Internet technology to deliver information and services to citizens, employees, and businesses.
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Benefits of social business and collaboration
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1. Productivity: Sharing knowledge and resolving problems 2. Quality: Faster resolution of quality issues 3. Innovation: More ideas for products and services 4. Customer Service: Complaints handled more rapidly 5. Financial Performance: Generated by improvements in factors above
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IT INFRASTRUCTURE
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provides platform for supporting all information systems in the business
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IT INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
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1. Computer hardware and software 2 data management tech 3 networking and telecommunications tech 4 technology services
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Types of Computers
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1. Personal Computers 2. Mobile Devices 3. Workstations 4. Servers 5. Mainframes 6. Supercomputer 7. Grid/Cluster Computing 8. Client/Server Computing
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GRID/CLUSTER COMPUTING
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Power of geographically remote computers connected into a single logical network to act as a "virtual supercomputer"
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CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING
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Form of distributed computing (Vs centralized) splits processing between client machines and server machines. Client: user point of entry to system/network servers: store and process shared data and perform network management activities CENTRALIZED
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Storage, Input and Output Tech
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Magnetic disks (hard drives) solid state memory (USB) Optical disks (CD) Magnetic tape Storage Networking (SANS) Network attached storage input devices Output devices mobile digital platform
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VIRTUALIZATION
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i. PROCESS OF PRESENTING A SET OF COMPUTING RESOURCES SO THEY CAN BE ACCESSED IN WAYS THAT ARE UNRESTRICTED BY PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION OR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
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CLOUD COMPUTING (SAAS)
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i. A MODEL OF COMPUTING IN WHICH FIRMS AND INDIVIDUALS OBTAIN COMPUTING RESOURCES OVER THE INTERNET
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Cloud Computing 5 characteristics
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1. On demand self service 2. obiquitous network access 3. location independent resource pooling 4. rapid elasticity 5. measured services
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Contemporary software trends
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operating system software 1. controls computer acitivities (guis and multitouch) 2. PC Operating systems (Windows, Mac, Unix, etc) 3. mobile operating systems (chrome, android) 4. programming languages (C,C++, VISUAL BASIC, JAVA)
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Java
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mobile, game machine, cable tv systems
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ii. SOFTWARE COMPONENTS THAT EXCHANGE INFORMATION WITH ONE ANOTHER USING UNIVERSAL WEB COMMUNICATION STANDARDS AND LANGUAGES. 1. XML (EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE) 2. FOUNDATION OF WEB SERVICES
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XML (Extensible Markup Language
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capacity planning
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i. Process of predicting when hardware systems become saturated. Factors include: 1. max number of users 2. impact of current/future software performance measures
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scalability
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ability of system to expand in order to serve a large number of users (volume) without crashing system (breaking down)
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Total Costs of Ownership (TCO) Model
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i. Used to analyze direct and indirect costs to help determine the actual cost of owning a specific technology. 1. Direct Costs: Hardware, Software Purchase Costs 2. Indirect Costs: Ongoing administration costs, upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training, utility, and real estate costs 3. Hidden Costs: support staff, downtime, additional network management
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Net Neutrality
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i. The principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites. 1. All data and web traffic are treated equally. 2. Cultivates innovation and provides a level playing field for all companies and participants.
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The Data Hierarchy: File Organization Concepts
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Database File Record Supplier Part (descrip., unit price, supplier) Organizing data in a traditional
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A record describes an
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Entity, Field, Attribute
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Entity:
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a person, place or thing on which we store and maintain info on.
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Field
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group of characters as word(s) or number
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Attribute
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specific characteristics, qualities describing each entity
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Data Redundancy
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presence of duplicate data in multiple files
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data inconsistency
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same attribute has different values
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database
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collection of data organized to serve many applications by centralizing data and controlling redundant data
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Database management System (DBMS)
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Allows orgs to centralize data, manage, and provide access
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Logical View
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y. Presents data as they would be perceived by end users or business specialists.
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Physical view
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z. Physical View: aa. Shows how data are actually organized and structured on physical storage media.
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nn. Foreign key:
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Primary key used in second table as look-up field to identify records from original table
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E-R Diagram
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ccc. E-R Diagram (ERD) identifies and diagrams Data Relationships
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Referential Integrity Rules
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ggg. Used by relational databases to ensure that relationships between coupled tables remain consistent.
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normalization
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kkk. Streamlining complex groupings of data to minimize redundant data elements and awkward many-to-many relationships
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Relational DBM Three basic operations:
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rr. SELECT: Creates subset of data of all records that meet stated criteria (subset of rows) ss. JOIN: Combines relational tables to provide user with more information than available in individual tables tt. PROJECT: Creates subset of columns in table, permits the user to create new tables containing only the desired information.
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Data definition
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ppp. Data definition capability: Specifies structure of database content, used to create tables and define characteristics of fields (field properties)
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Data dictionary
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qqq. Data dictionary: Automated or manual file storing definitions of data elements and their characteristics
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Querying and reporting
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sss. Data manipulation language: Used to add, change, delete, retrieve data from database
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Data manipulation language
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Used to add, change, delete, retrieve data from database
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SQL (Structured Query Language)
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zzz. Developed to handle large data sets of data that is not easily organized into tables, columns, and rows.
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Non-relational databases
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cccc. Use more flexible data model, easier to scale. dddd. Data sets are stored across distributed machines. eeee. Does not require extensive structuring ffff. Can manage large volumes of unstructured data, such as social media and graphics.
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The challenge of big data
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kkkk. Massive quantities (zettabytes - 1B TB) of unstructured and semi-structured data from the Internet, networked services, applications, and sensors. llll. Big datasets provide more opportunities to identify patterns and gain insights versus smaller datasets.
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What are the principal tools and technologies for accessing information from databases to improve business performance and decision making?
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uuuu. Array of tools for obtaining useful information from internal and external systems and big data vvvv. Analyze data to identify new patterns, relationships, and insights that are useful for guiding decision making.
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Data warehouse
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ddddd. Database that stores current and historical data that may be of interest to decision makers
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Hadoop
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mmmmm. Open-source software framework from Apache nnnnn. Designed for big data ooooo. Breaks data tasks into sub-problems and distributes the processing over an array (cluster) of inexpensive computer processing nodes.
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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
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xxxxxx. Supports multidimensional data analysis yyyyyy. Viewing data using multiple dimensions zzzzzz. Each aspect of information (product, pricing, cost, region, time period) is different dimension
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Data mining
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more discovery driven than OLAP Finds hidden patterns, relationships in large databases and infers rules to predict future behavior
