MAN Exam 3 Chapter 12 – Flashcards

______ is defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior. A. Stimulus B. Productivity C. Enticement D. Motivation E. Incented action

A simple model of motivation does not include which of the following? A. Unfulfilled need B. Behaviors C. Reactions D. Motivation E. Rewards

Craig's sales manager has just told the group that all sales in the month of September will earn an extra 5% commission. The team gets right to work, being motivated by a(n) A. intrinsic reward. B. physiological need. C. high need for power. D. extrinsic reward. E. hygiene factor.

Arianna's management professor just told her class that the final exam is optional for students like her who currently have an A. She decides to take the exam anyway, since she likes the subject and wants to master the material. Here, Arianna is motivated to take the exam by a(n) A. intrinsic reward. B. physiological need. C. high need for power. D. extrinsic reward. E. hygiene factor.

Which of the following is a need-based perspective on motivation? A. Expectancy theory B. Herzberg's two-factor theory C. Job characteristics model D. Goal-setting theory E. Equity theory

Maslow's levels of needs, in order from lowest (most basic) to highest level, are A. self-actualization, esteem, love, safety, and physiological. B. safety, love, esteem, self-actualization, and physiological. C. physiological, safety, self-actualization, esteem, and love. D. physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. E. safety, physiological, esteem, love, and self-actualization.

The need for status, reputation, and recognition are part of A. self-actualization. B. esteem. C. love. D. safety. E. physiological.

After a series of bus accidents, one of which resulted in a critical injury to a driver, Inland Shuttle drivers received additional training and buses were retrofitted with new braking systems. This helps to satisfy which of Maslow's needs? A. Self-actualization B. Esteem C. Love D. Safety E. Physiological

An accounting firm provides employees with educational reimbursements if they complete job-related coursework with a B or better, which helps them meet which of Maslow's levels of needs? A. Self-actualization B. Esteem C. Love D. Safety E. Physiological

For managers, the importance of Maslow's contribution is that he showed that workers A. are only interested in compensation that helps them fulfill physiological needs. B. are as complex as their organization. C. have needs that cannot be understood by their employer. D. expect an employer to fulfill every level of their hierarchy of needs. E. have needs beyond that of just earning a paycheck.

Which of the following is a need in Alderfer's ERG theory? A. Esteem B. Existence C. Realization D. Rating E. Generalization

______ assumes that three basic needs influence behavior and that they may be activated concurrently. A. Maslow's theory B. Expectancy theory C. Alderfer's ERG theory D. Hertzberg's theory E. Equity theory

According to the acquired needs theory, the desire to influence others is part of the need for A. affiliation. B. power. C. self-actualization. D. relatedness. E. achievement.

Anne has excelled as a consultant for a large financial institution. She loves building mutually beneficial relationships and is extremely well liked by her clients. Anne likely has a A. low need for affiliation. B. low need for power. C. low need for achievement. D. high need for affiliation. E. high need for achievement.

Even when he started his first job, Galen was not content to be just one of the employees. His boss noticed that he often coached his coworkers about ways to improve their work, even when it wasn't his job. Galen probably has a A. high need for achievement. B. high need for affiliation. C. high need for power. D. low need for achievement. E. high need for leadership.

Janet is very aggressive at her job, and her coworkers complain that she often manipulates them and her boss in order to get ahead. She attempts to direct everything and everyone, regardless of the consequences to others or even the organization itself. Janet is expressing what type of need for power? A. Personal B. Destructive C. Legitimate D. Organizational E. Compensatory

McClelland's need for achievement corresponds most closely to A. Herzberg's hygiene factors. B. Maslow's esteem needs. C. extrinsic rewards. D. Alderfer's relatedness needs. E. Maslow's self-actualization needs.

According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a motivating factor? A. Pay B. The work itself C. Working conditions D. Company policy E. Supervisors

According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a hygiene factor? A. Responsibility B. Advancement C. The work itself D. Relationships E. Recognition

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, in the zone between the motivating factors and the hygiene factors, employees are A. dissatisfied. B. satisfied. C. neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. D. unmotivated. E. stagnant.

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, only ______ factors can make employees satisfied with their jobs. A. motivating B. self-actualization C. growth D. hygiene E. achievement

Which of the following is a higher-level need based on the four content theory perspectives? A. Esteem B. Existence C. Hygiene D. Physiological E. Safety

Anders is manager for a large freight company. He has noticed low morale lately, perhaps because of the cramped quarters and lack of raises this year among workers on his shift. According to Herzberg, Anders should first concentrate on A. needs for achievement. B. hygiene factors. C. esteem needs. D. motivating factors. E. growth needs.

According to Herzberg's theory, the first thing managers of employees who dislike their jobs should do is to A. provide opportunities for achievement. B. publicly recognize good performance. C. make sure pay levels, policies, and working conditions are reasonable. D. create opportunities for personal growth and advancement. E. increase employees' responsibility and opportunity for leadership.

Theories that try to understand the thought processes by which people decide how to act are called A. needs-based perspectives. B. reinforcement perspectives. C. job design perspectives. D. cognitive perspectives. E. process perspectives.

Which of the following is a process perspective on motivation? A. Goal-setting theory B. Job characteristics model C. Two-factor theory D. ERG theory E. Acquired needs theory

In equity theory, employees are motivated to A. work harder when they have more freedom. B. resolve feelings of injustice. C. correct themselves when they aren't working hard enough. D. blame others when they miss work or fail at tasks. E. work just hard enough to get what they want.

When workers perceive they are being treated fairly on the job, they are most likely to A. pass up promotional opportunities. B. show improved safety practices. C. be a whistleblower. D. support organizational change. E. seek additional education.

Brady went to his boss Lynn to complain that he got the same bonus this quarter as everyone else, despite the longer hours he's been putting in and his higher level of experience and efficiency. If Lynn can't change the bonuses, she should A. tell Brady "That's just the way bonuses are given." B. suggest that Brady take this up with her boss. C. expect that Brady will reduce his hours. D. start documenting Brady's complaints for future disciplinary action. E. expect that Brady's performance will improve.

The theory under which people make the choice that promises them the greatest reward if they think they can get it is A. goal-setting theory. B. expectancy theory. C. reinforcement theory. D. equity theory. E. two-factor theory.

After struggling with the training, Sachin is unsure whether he can complete the end-of-year financial reporting with minimal errors in the time allotted at his new job. In this case, Sachin is low on the ______ element of expectancy theory. A. valence B. expectancy C. outcomes D. instrumentality E. performance

______ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome. A. Expectancy B. Reinforcement C. Valence D. Instrumentality E. Effort

At his review last year, Ryan was promised a big raise if he met his production goals. Raises were included in today's paychecks, and despite that Ryan has met all of his goals, he only received a cost-of-living raise. In the future, Ryan's ______ will probably be _____ A. instrumentality; low. B. valence; low. C. expectancy; low. D. instrumentality; high. E. expectancy; high.

Chad was interviewing for jobs, and the HR manager at one firm told him that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single man, this benefit did not seem especially important to him right now. Here, Chad is low on the ______ element of the expectancy theory. A. valence B. instrumentality C. outcomes D. expectancy E. significance

When using goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers should A. set targets that are just out of employees' reach. B. help workers understand and accept the goals. C. set general goals that are emotionally appealing. D. hold employees responsible for getting their own feedback. E. set goals that are easily achievable.

A goal that states "Attend work at least 80% of the time this quarter" has which of the following problems? A. It is not specific enough. B. It is not measurable. C. It does not have a target date. D. It is not challenging enough. E. It is not achievable.

According to goal-setting theory, which of the following is necessary for goals to create high motivation and performance? A. Setting general goals that will work for multiple employees. B. Predetermining acceptable rewards for meeting goals. C. Setting goals that fulfill self-actualization needs. D. Reinforcing of desired behaviors. E. Setting goals linked to an action plan.

Which of the following is the best statement of a goal? A. Give your very best effort. B. Get through most of those reports by 9/1. C. Reduce production errors by 10 percent by the end of the quarter. D. Increase customer retention. E. Be late to work less often.

______ involves division of an organization's work and applies motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance. A. Job enlargement B. Job design C. Job simplification D. Job development E. Job enrichment

The process of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation is called A. job enlargement. B. job design. C. job development. D. job rotation. E. job enrichment.

Research shows that simplified jobs lead to A. job satisfaction. B. poor mental health. C. a sense of accomplishment. D. a sense of personal growth. E. decreased worker productivity.

Job ______ is the opposite of job _____ A. rotation; enrichment. B. rotation; enlargement. C. loading; enrichment. D. simplification; enrichment. E. simplification; enlargement.

The process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition and achievement is called A. MBO. B. job design. C. job enrichment. D. job enlargement. E. horizontal loading.

Gwen's job as an accounting assistant was recently modified to include reconciling of bank accounts and delivering checks to the bank, two tasks previously done by the accounting manager. This increase in responsibility would best be described as A. job development. B. job enlargement. C. job satisficing. D. job design. E. vertical loading.

Of the following, which is a core job characteristic? A. Meaningfulness B. Skill specificity C. Task significance D. Teamwork E. Task variety

According to the job characteristics model, the core job characteristics of skill variety, task identity, and task significance combine to affect A. knowledge of results. B. meaningfulness of work. C. autonomy of work. D. responsibility for results. E. feedback from others.

The extent to which a job allows an employee to make decisions about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them is called A. horizontal loading. B. skill variety. C. task identity. D. task significance. E. autonomy.

Vanessa runs a flower shop. She recently made some changes so that one employee answers phones and does paperwork, while another creates arrangements, and a third packages and delivers the arrangements. Previously, each employee was responsible for the order from the phone call through the delivery. Vanessa's job redesign has A. increased task identity. B. decreased task identity. C. increased task significance. D. decreased task significance. E. decreased autonomy.

As a maintenance person for the Air Force, Craig services aircraft engines, which protects the lives and safety of military personnel and their ability to conduct missions. Craig's job has a high level of A. autonomy. B. task identity. C. skill variety. D. task significance. E. context satisfactions.

Which of the following is a contingency factor in the job characteristics model? A. Autonomy B. Knowledge of actual results C. High work satisfaction D. Desire for personal growth E. Feedback

The motivating potential score is calculated as part of using A. reinforcement theory. B. McClelland's acquired needs theory. C. the job characteristics model. D. goal-setting theory. E. equity theory.

The theory that attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated while behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated, is called A. reinforcement theory. B. equity theory. C. expectancy theory. D. acquired needs theory. E. two-factor theory.

The use of desirable consequences to strengthen a particular behavior is called A. constructive feedback. B. extinction. C. intrinsic motivation. D. positive reinforcement. E. valence.

The process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative is called A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. extinction. D. intrinsic motivation. E. punishment.

Estefan tells one of his staff that he is taking her off of probation since she has corrected her tardiness problem. Estefan is using A. instrumentality. B. negative reinforcement. C. punishment. D. intrinsic motivation. E. positive reinforcement.

The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is called A. extinction. B. intrinsic motivation. C. punishment. D. instrumentality. E. negative reinforcement.

It has been seven quarters since any employee has received a bonus at R & G Mills, so now the possibility of getting one does not seem to be motivating the workers any longer. In this case, management has inadvertently applied A. expectancy. B. negative reinforcement. C. extinction. D. intrinsic motivation. E. punishment.

Your boss requires you to give up your company car since you have missed your sales goals for three consecutive quarters. She is using A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. extinction. D. intrinsic motivation. E. punishment.

In using reinforcement, a manager should A. avoid using punishment. B. reward both desired and undesired behavior. C. give all subordinates the same rewards to ensure fairness. D. save rewards for weekly or monthly celebrations. E. clearly communicate the desired behavior.

When using punishment, a manager should A. ignore undesirable behaviors. B. save reprimands until the end of the workday, or preferably before a weekend. C. do it in conjunction with positive reinforcement. D. make sure that other employees witness the punishment. E. punish even minor infractions, to appear consistent.