Magic medicine and science – Flashcards
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Heraclitus
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All things come through OPPOSITION, everything flows like a river and happens by FATE
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Empedocles
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DOUBLE/PARADOXES
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Peripatetic
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Someone who follows Aristotle
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"The Organon"
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Aristotle; Logic composed of 6 books
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Works in "the Organon" (logic)
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Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, Topics, On Sophistical Refutations
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"On the Heavens" and "On the Soul"
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Aristotle; mental function and perception
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Aristotle vs. Plato
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Aristotle critical of Plato; denied the Forms as real things; substance is the basis of life. Form exists only in conjunction with Matter.
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The Four Causes
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Material, Formal, Efficient, Final
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Material
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stuff of which a thing is made
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Formal
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shape, structure, design
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Efficient
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the moving causes (sculptor)
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Final
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reason, purpose, goal
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"Metaphysics"/BOOK THETA
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Aristotle; talks about potentiality and actuality
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potentiality
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the source of change; an ability/possibility of something to happen
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actuality
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the existence of the thing; its reality or presence
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Deduction
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rational; assumptions, premises, middle term (All humans are rational, all rational have brains, all humans have brains)
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Induction
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empirical; observation of multiple cases leading to certainty of the universal truth (particular --> universal)
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Upward vs. Downward
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All humans are evil by nature vs. P, N, and e- are quarks
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Demonstration
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The highest form of argument; not synonymous w/ deduction (Def = a triangle is a 3 sided polygon, Demonstration = the interior angles of a triangle = to two right angles)
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Plato
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Student of Socrates; had his own Academy
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"The Republic"
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Plato's most well known work; describes the ideal state
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Forms
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Rejected by Aristotle; shape or structure of everything "idea" (goodness, beauty, equality); akin to the mind of God
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Allegory of the Cave
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Enlightenment is to SEE the forms apart from the SENSIBLE things
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"Timaeus"
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Plato; one of his last dialogues/mature thought - talks about reason and sense & INTELLECT is a divine architect and NECESSITY is natural laws
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Receptacle
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Devoid of any characteristics; "that in which it comes to be" - SPACE, MOTHER
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Fire
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tetrahedron; burning = cutting
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air
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octahedron
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water
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icosahedron
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earth
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cube
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universe
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dodecahedron
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Heaviness/Lightness
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Follow the principle of like attracting like
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Freezing
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is motionless
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Hardness/Softness
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Function of density
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Strengths of Plato's theory
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1) Founded on math 2) elements are convertible to one another
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Unanswered Que about Plato's theory
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Earth is different than the others and not convertible, not always clear how the shape dictates the properties
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Plato's Theory of Motion
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like attracts like
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Euclid
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Greek mathematician
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"The Elements"
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Euclid; most well known work, Greek geometry, proofs, deductive format, 13 books of increasing difficulty
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Principles
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essential foundation of any science
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Definitions
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accepted as true though they cannot be true
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Postulates
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may be proved, but will not be; initially taken on trust from the teacher
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Axioms
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self-evident, cannot be proven, and are common to all sciences
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Archimedes
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Geometer; worked on measuring curves in various solid objects w/o calculus
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Method of Exhaustion
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Used by Euclid; begin with correct answer
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Archimedean Screw
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Used for raising water
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Burning Mirrors
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series of parabolic mirrors create fire; made by Archimedes
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Diophantus
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Arithmetician - his work was virtually lost and undeveloped
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Exodus
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Greek astronomy; worked on concentric circles
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Hipparchus
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Greek astronomy; worked on epicycles
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Ptolemy
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Greek astronomy; worked on equant point and full system
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Problem with Ptolemy's system
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Hard math, moon varies in size
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Ptolemy's order of the planets
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Stars, saturn, jupiter, mars, sun, venus, mercury, moon, earth
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Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses
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Every planet has an epicycle thus a range of heigh from the Earth; their paths do not overlap
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Hippocratic Tradition
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Group of texts regarding Greek medicine
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"The nature of man", "Fractures", "On Sacred Disease"
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Hippocrates; group of texts his most well known
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Hippocratic Oath
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you know this
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"The nature of man"
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Hippocrates; goal is healing, the four humors need to be in balance
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The Four Humors
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Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood
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"On Sacred Disease"
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The nature of epilepsy; originally thought to be caused by divine reasons. Hippocrates argued that causes are human.
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Galen
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FACE OF HIPPOCRATIC TRADITION
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Greek Centers of Learning
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Byzantium, Alexandria
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Syriac Centers of Learning
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Nisibis, Gondeshapur,
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Arabic Centers of Learning
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Baghdad, Cordoba
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Nestorian Christians
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The Orthodox Doctrine of the Trinity; taught that Jesus was human w/ respect to his body but divine w/ respect for his soul
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Baghdad
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Intense translation movement especially of Aristotle's works
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Arab Conquest
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Cause and nature of motion and change, relation b/w form and matter, mental states, infinity, void
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Al-Kindi
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Baghdad; God is the First Cause that causes change
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Four Causes of Change
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material, formal, efficient, God is ultimate
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Al-Kindi View of Motion
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Motion only happens to things w/ contrary qualities
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Planets as Proximate Causes
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Sun is the most important
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Al-Farabi
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Baghdad; Understands universe in a Ptolemaic scheme
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Al-Farabi Order of Causes
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First cause is God, second is in bodies, active intellect, soul, form/matter
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Ibn-Sina
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Persia; talked about form/matter, infinity, void
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Ibn-Sina on Form/Matter
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Matter receives forms it is a subject, matter does not desire the form
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Zeno's Paradox
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to walk a distance you must get to the half point then to the half point of the distance between the half point and the end...you'll never get there
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Ibn-Rshd
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Cordoba; faithful to Aristotle; celestial bodies, active intellect
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Alhazen
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Cairo; Refutation of Extramission, no need to add visual rays. Galenist regarding eyes
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Glacial humor
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Alhazen said without this we wouldn't see
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Thomas Aquinas
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Dominican, Italian, student of Albert the Great, believes in God as the first cause, Center of MEDIEVAL europe
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Paris Prohibitions
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Teaching of Aristotle was banned but eventually restored
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Medieval Points of Conflict
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Aristotle, Christianity, Faith and Reason
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Benedictines
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Monks that lived separately from public
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Dominicans
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Preachers that preached Gospel and philosophical intellect
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Franciscans
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Friars Minors lived life of poverty
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Robert Grosseteste
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Wrote on optics/refraction, knew Greek, commentary on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics
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Albert the Great
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Dominican (preacher) was not afraid to correct Aristotle, believed that theology and philosophy are different approaches to the truth but never contradict
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"Summa Contra Gentiles" "Summa Theologie" "On Being and Essence"
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Thomas Aquinas; ontological, first cause
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