Lymphatic System and Immunity (Chapter 22) – Flashcards
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The lymphatic system is involved in
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lipid absorption from the digestive tract.
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The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by
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returning interstitial fluid to the plasma
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Lacteals are
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lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
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Aiding in erythropoiesis of red blood cells
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What is the purpose of lacteals?
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Absorb lipids from the digestive tract
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Lymph containing a high lipid content is called
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chyle.
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The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that
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the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues.
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Lymph capillaries are found in the
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dermis.
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Structurally, lymph vessels are most similar to
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veins.
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How do lymphatic capillaries differ form blood capillaries?
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All of the choices are ways lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries.
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What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible to forward movement of lymph?
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valves
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Lymph movement is assisted by
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A. contraction of skeletal muscle.
B. contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel.
C. pressure changes in the thorax during respiration.
D. compression of lymphatic vessels.
All of these choices are correct.
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A woman has her right breast and right axillary lymph nodes removed. Which of the following might occur?
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Right lymphatic duct drainage decreases causing edema in the right arm.
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The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the
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right arm, right chest, and right side of head.
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The thoracic duct drains lymph into the
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left subclavian vein
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Which of the following organs does NOT contain lymphatic tissue?
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liver
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Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to
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trap microorganisms.
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Nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue called MALT includes all of the following except:
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lymph nodes
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Peyer patches are lymphatic nodules found in the
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small intestine and appendix.
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Lymph nodules are
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located in the loose connective tissue of the digestive system
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Adenoids are enlarged
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pharyngeal tonsils
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Tonsils
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provide protection against bacteria entering the oral and nasal cavities
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The palatine tonsils
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are located at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx
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Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called
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lymph nodes
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Lymph nodes are surrounded by a dense connective tissue called
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capsule
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Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by _____ in the sinuses of lymph nodes.
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macrophages
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Germinal centers are the sites of
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proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.
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Lymph exits a lymph node via the
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efferent lymphatic vessels.
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The only structures that filter lymph is/are the
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lymph nodes.
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The spleen
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filters damaged red blood cells from the blood.
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Which of the following statements concerning the spleen is true?
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The spleen can act as a blood reservoir.
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The white pulp of the spleen
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contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the thymus gland?
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The thymus gland decreases in size after age 60.
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What is the function of thymosin?
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maturation of T-cells
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When innate immunity is activated,
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each exposure produces the same response.
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Which of the following is true of adaptive immunity?
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The second response is faster and stronger than the first response.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
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You are born with it.
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Which of the following characteristics is/are most consistent with adaptive immunity?
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specificity, memory and increased response to second and subsequent exposures
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Which of the following would be classified as an innate physical barrier?
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washing action of tears and saliva
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Complement proteins
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can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells
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Which of the following most accurately describes how foreign substances can activate complement?
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Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens and activate complement through the classical pathway and foreign substances can bind to spontaneously activated C3 and stabilize it.
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of complement action?
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produces cytokines
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A surface chemical that prevents microbial growth is
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sebum.
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A protein that helps to protect the body against viral infections is
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interferon
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Interferon
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is a protein that interferes with virus production and infection
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Interferon production is stimulated by
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a viral infection.
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The movement of leukocytes to the source of certain chemicals is called
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chemotaxis
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Lysozyme is
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an enzyme found in body fluids that destroys certain bacteria
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The two major types of phagocytic cells are
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neutrophils and macrophages.
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Which of the following statements concerning neutrophils and macrophages is false?
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Both release histamine when activated
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Macrophages
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are responsible for most phagocytic activity in the late stages of an infection
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Histamine and leukotrienes are released from
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basophils and mast cells
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In a patient experiencing a parasitic worm infection, which of the following immune cells will greatly increase in number?
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eosinophils
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Which of the following is usually the first cell type to leave the blood and enter infected tissues?
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neutrophil
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Natural Killer (NK) cells
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secrete enzymes that kill tumor or virus-infected cells
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The inflammatory response
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prevents the spread of an infection
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The redness and heat seen in an inflamed area are the result of
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increased blood flow to the area
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During the inflammatory response,
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chemical mediators are released
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The key signs of inflammation include all of the following EXCEPT
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jaundice
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Which of the following substances causes increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, and vasodilation?
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histamine
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In systemic inflammation, pyrogens
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stimulate fever production.
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Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include
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increased vascular permeability
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Adaptive immunity is stimulated by
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antigens.
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Transplanted tissues and organs that contain _________ _________ are rejected by the body.
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foreign antigens
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___ are part of cell-mediated immunity while ____ are part of antibody-mediated immunity.
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T cells, B cells
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A small molecule that can cause an allergic reaction is a/an
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hapten.
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_____ determines which B-cell is cloned in an antibody-mediated response.
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The antigen
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Which of the following is a subpopulation of T cells?
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cytotoxic
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The effects of cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of
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cytotoxic T cells
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The thymus is where ____ mature and become functional immune cells.
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pre-T cells
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The process of eliminating those lymphocytes that react or respond against self-antigens is called
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negative selection.
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Positive selection of lymphocytes refers to the
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survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response
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Primary lymphatic organs include the
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red bone marrow and thymus.
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Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ?
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thymus gland
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What areas of an antigen are recognized by lymphocytes so that they can respond?
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Both antigenic determinants and epitopes are correct
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The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class molecules
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allow the immune system to respond to antigens inside cells.
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Different T-cell receptors can respond to different antigens because of different
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variable regions in the structure of the receptors
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Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases
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lymphocytes must recognize an antigen
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The MHC class I antigen complex displays a foreign antigen on the cell surface. This prompts the immune system to destroy
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the displaying cell.
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MHC class II molecules are found on
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B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
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Cells that process antigen and present antigens to other immune cells are called
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antigen-presenting cells
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Frequently, several different signals or molecules are needed in order to produce an immune response by a B cell or T cell. The second signal in this process is called
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costimulation.
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Which of the following cytokines is mismatched?
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lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells
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T helper cells possess a glycoprotein called CD4. This molecule binds to
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MHC class II molecules
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Which of the following might occur after a helper T cell is presented with a processed antigen and costimulated?
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Helper T cells release interleukins that stimulate B cells to clone
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Lymphocyte proliferation begins by increasing the number of
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helper T cells
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Once cytotoxic T cells are produced, which of the following is (are) consistent with their ability to attack intracellular viruses?
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A. Most nucleated cells process antigens through the MHC class I mechanisms. B. Viral antigens are processed by the MHC class I mechanism and are presented to the cell surface.
C. Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC class I processed antigens. D. Cytotoxic T cells bound to the MHC class I processed antigens release lymphokines.
All of these choices are correct.
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Tolerance is a state of
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unresponsiveness to antigens
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Tolerance to antigens is induced by
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blocking costimulation
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Antibodies are produced by
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B cells that differentiate to form plasma cells
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Antibodies
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have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic determinant
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The immunoglobulin that is often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen is
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IgM
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Antibodies
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may initiate inflammation and enhance phagocytosis.
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Which of the following is correctly matched?
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IgA - found in saliva and tears
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Antibodies secreted in breast milk
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are IgA antibodies.
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As a result of opsonization
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antigens are more susceptible to phagocytosis
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B-cells
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when activated become plasma cells and produce antibodies
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Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody blood levels increases. This is a
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primary response.
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The secondary or memory response
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provides better protection than the primary response.
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The type of cell responsible for the secondary response is a
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memory cell
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In the cell-mediated immune response, T cells secrete ____, which activate additional components of the immune system
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cytokines
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Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity?
(1) cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells
(2) antigen presented to T lymphocyte
(3) activation of T lymphocytes
(4) cytotoxic T cells attack target cells
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2, 3, 1, 4
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Cytotoxic T cells
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attach to the surface of cells causing them to lyse.
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Cell-mediated immunity would be least effective against
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extracellular antigens
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The intense inflammatory response seen in poison ivy is due to activity of the
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delayed hypersensitivity cells
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Stimulating the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells to destroy cancer cells is an example of
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immunotherapy.
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The HIV virus infects
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helper T cells.
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The HIV virus can be transmitted
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during unprotected sexual intercourse.
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The most rapidly increasing group of AIDS patients is ____ who have had sexual contact with an infected person.
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heterosexual males and females
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Which of the following will increase your risk of contracting the HIV virus?
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use of contaminated needles
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Which of the following is false?
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There is currently only one cure for AIDS - AZT.
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Several research groups are working on vaccines that will be effective against the AIDS virus. When a successful vaccine is produced, it is likely to be injected to produce
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active artificial immunity.
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A traditional method of providing temporary immunity for a person who is suspected of being infected (usually be an animal bite) with rabies is classified as
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passive artificial immunity.
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Active natural immunity occurs when
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an individual develops a disease.
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Transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides
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passive immunity.
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If you receive an immunization for hepatitis B and produce antibodies against the hepatitis B virus, you have developed what type of adaptive immunity?
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active artificial immunity
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The type of adaptive immunity that provides immediate protection against disease when there is no time for the person to develop their own immunity is called _____ immunity.
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passive artificial
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A child is born with a congenital disease that results in total loss of B cells. Which of the following would be a consequence of this immunodeficiency?
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lack of antibody formation
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An abnormal, exaggerated response of the immune system is called
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hypersensitivity.
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In immunodeficiency diseases,
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inadequate B and/or T cell formation may occur.
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Which of the following is NOT an aging effect of the lymphatic system and immunity?
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Fluid removal by the lymphatic capillaries is reduced.
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Peyer's patches
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lymph nodules aggregated in the small intestinal wall
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thymic corpuscles
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rounded epithelial structures found in the medulla of thymus
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germinal centers
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areas of a lymph node where lymphocytes divide
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histamine
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a chemical released from mast cells that causes vasodilation
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prostaglandins
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lipids that cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation
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monocyte
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will become macrophage in tissue
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mast cell
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nonmotile cells in connective tissue that promote inflammation
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natural killer cell
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lyses tumor and virus-infected cells
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eosinophil
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cell that increases in number during a parasitic infection
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neutrophil
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first cell to enter infected tissue
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cells that provide this immunity are lymphocytes.
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both antibody and cell-mediated immunity
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cells mature in thymus gland
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cell-mediated immunity
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antibodies produced
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antibody-mediated immunity
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B cells
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antibody-mediated immunity
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provide protection against extracellular antigens
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antibody-mediated immunity
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organ rejection
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cell-mediated immunity
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memory cells
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both antibody and cell-mediated immunity
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tears and saliva
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innate immunity
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ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals
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innate immunity, antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
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origin of cells is red bone marrow
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innate immunity, antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
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histamine produced
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innate immunity
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neutrophils and macrophages
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innate immunity
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cytokines produced
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cell-mediated immunity
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no hypersensitivity
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innate immunity
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protection against intracellular antigens
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cell-mediated immunity
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atopy
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immediate hypersensitivity
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anaphylaxis
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immediate hypersensitivity
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mediated by T cells
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delayed hypersensitivity
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immune complex disease
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immediate hypersensitivity
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allergic reaction
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immediate hypersensitivity
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cytotoxic T cell
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destroys cells by lysis or by production of cytokines
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plasma cell
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produces antibodies
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B cell
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after activitaion, differentiates to become plasma cell or memory B cell
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helper T cell
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quick and responsive to antigen, remembers previous exposure
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memory T cell
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activates B and effector T cells
