question

Which statement is correct

answer

Synapomorphies identify monophyletic groups

question

Which is strong evidence that similar traits in different evolutionary lineages are the result of homology and not homoplasy

answer

The traits are also found in many intervening lineages on the tree of life

question

What is a fossil

answer

A fossil is physical evidence of an organism that lived in the past

question

Which statement about fossilization is correct

answer

Rare, local, or ephemeral species leave a poor fossil record

question

Which is the best definition of adaptive radiation

answer

An adaptive radiation occurs when a single lineage produces many ecologically diverse descendant species in a relatively short period of time

question

How can mass extinction events be distinguished from background extinctions

answer

A mass extinction occurs when at least 60 percent of species are wiped out within 1 million years

question

Why do mass extinctions wipe out species more or less randomly

answer

They are caused by exceptionally harsh, short-term conditions

question

Why is bipedalism considered a synapomorphy for hominins (the group that includes humans)

answer

Hominins are the only mammal group to walk on two legs.

question

Which structures are homologous

answer

oak leaf and maple leaf

question

How might paleontologists be misled by their observations of fossils

answer

They typically only find species that were widespread and/or present on the Earth for long periods of time

question

How do lizard species on mainland California compare in diversity to those found on islands

answer

Due to more open ecological opportunities on a given island, greater differences occur between island species

question

Which is strong evidence supporting the impact hypothesis for the extinction of the dinosaurs

answer

Extremely high quantities of iridium in rocks that formed around 65 million years ago

question

What is the best evidence that all life evolved from prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic ancestors

answer

The oldest fossil form of life known is prokaryotic.

question

Cyanobacteria are thought to be the first organisms to evolve

answer

oxygenic photosynthesis

question

Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration because of what property of oxygen

answer

It is highly electronegative

question

Members of which bacterial phylum share a unique morphology

answer

Spirochaetes

question

On the figure, where would you mark the origin of the trait of "oxygenic photosynthesis"

answer

At the base of cyanobacteria

question

Unlike plant cell walls that contain cellulose, bacterial cell walls are composed of

answer

peptidoglycan

question

Which character separates bacteria from archaea

answer

Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

question

What method would you use to best identify the diversity of bacterial and archaeal species in the soil present on your campus

answer

Metagenomics

question

What is distinctive about the chlorophylls found in different photosynthetic bacteria

answer

their absorption spectra

question

What is a potential ill effect of adding iron to ocean waters

answer

An algal bloom that causes a massive loss of oxygen creating a dead zone

question

Primary production by photosynthetic protists is considered "primary" because

answer

these protists produce chemical energy by fixing CO2

question

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium

answer

cells infect the human liver cells

question

Why does iron fertilization of open oceans increase phytoplankton densities

answer

The growth of phytoplankton is often limited by iron availability in the open oceans

question

Why can dinoflagellate blooms be harmful to humans

answer

People can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellate blooms

question

Which of the following eukaryotic lineages contains species that all lack functioning mitochondria

answer

Excavata

question

According to the endosymbiosis theory, how many membranes should a mitochondrion have

answer

Two

question

Chloroplasts arose via

answer

endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria

question

In a rapidly changing environment, protists tend to reproduce

answer

via sexual reproduction

question

What synapomorphy defines the Eukarya

answer

nuclear envelope

question

Why are protists considered paraphyletic

answer

They include some but not all descendants of their most recent common ancestor

question

Where on the phylogenetic tree should the origin of macronucleus/micronucleus structure appear

answer

At the base of ciliates

question

Where on the phylogenetic tree should the origin of chloroplasts appear

answer

At the base of Plantae

question

What impact will the loss of land plants have on the soil

answer

Decrease soil stability

question

The major function of the medicinal compounds in plants is to

answer

defend the plant against herbivores

question

Plants synthesize toxic compounds to repel insects, deer, or other herbivores. Isolating these compounds is important in terms of their value to the development of new

answer

pharmaceuticals

question

Angiosperms are most closely related to

answer

gymnosperms

question

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals

answer

gymnosperms

question

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago

answer

475

question

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants

answer

Ferns

question

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the

answer

bryophytes

question

What group was likely ancestral to land plants

answer

multicellular green algae found in freshwater habitats

question

Vessel elements are more efficient at transporting water than tracheids because

answer

vessel elements are wide

question

In the horsetail figure, the image on the right is which stage

answer

Sporophyte

question

What trait gives seeds an advantage over spores

answer

Contain nutrients

question

Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to

answer

colonize land

question

What does the directed-pollination hypothesis suggest

answer

Natural selection has favored flower traits (scent, shape, color) that attract pollinating animals

question

On the phylogenetic tree, where should the origin of microphylls be placed

answer

At the base of Lycophyta

question

Which of the following groups is definitely monophyletic

answer

seed plants

question

What impact would the spraying of fungicide have on soil-dwelling organisms

answer

Plant and animal diversity would decrease due to reduced amounts of available carbon and nitrogen.

question

Why are fungi so important to the carbon cycle

answer

Fungi accelerate the carbon cycle by breaking down wood and thus freeing up carbon atoms

question

As a group, fungi are

answer

decomposers

question

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their

answer

surroundings

question

Basidia produce spores by a process known as

answer

meiosis

question

Which of the following is NOT a reproductive structure in fungi

answer

Mycelia

question

Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans

answer

Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.

question

Fungal mycelia

answer

have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae

question

Mushrooms, brackets, and puffballs are examples of structures used for

answer

reproduction

question

The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the

answer

spore

question

Experiments with isotopes used as tracers showed that some fungi

answer

obtain sugars from plants in exchange for phosphorus, nitrogen, and other soil nutrients

question

Fungal digestion

answer

is extracellular, meaning that it takes place outside the organism

question

What is the symbiotic relationship that characterizes arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

answer

AMF provide key nutrients to tree, grass, and shrub roots in exchange for sugar

question

The mycelial growth habit leads to a body with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Why is this important?

answer

Mycelia have a large surface area for absorption

question

Why is it logical that most fungi don't have lignin or cellulose in their cell walls

answer

Fungi produce enzymes that degrade cellulose and lignin

question

How do fungi acquire nutrients

answer

Fungi absorb nutrients from other organisms, living or dead

question

What would occur to plants in an area if animals were excluded

answer

Increased plant abundance

question

The number of phyla of animals currently recognized by biologists is approximately

answer

30 to 35

question

In your body, the inside "tube" within a "tube" is derived from the

answer

endoderm

question

The expression of the gene dpp in the bilateral form in a variety of animals is evidence that

answer

bilateral symmetry in all animals is homologous

question

What is significant about cephalization

answer

A concentration of sensory organs allows better detection of threats for motile organisms

question

Which phylum includes the most basal lineages of animals

answer

Porifera

question

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals

answer

The coelom can act as a hydrostatic skeleton

question

What reproductive trait is associated with terrestrial environments

answer

Internal fertilization

question

Using the phylogenetic tree, where should the origin of swimming via rows of coordinated cilia occur

answer

At the base of Animalia

question

The phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora are

answer

the most ancient of all animal lineages

question

Which of the following is an example of homology (similarity due to common ancestry)

answer

cnidocytes (stinging cells) in jellyfish and sea anemones

question

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest

answer

Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared

question

The common ancestor of the protostomes had a coelom. What does this suggest

answer

The body cavity evolved before the lophophore

question

The presence of a lophophore in a newly discovered species would suggest that the species

answer

is a suspension feeder

question

What does phylogenetic evidence tell us about protostomes

answer

There were multiple transitions from water to land

question

Nematodes and arthropods both

answer

grow by shedding their exoskeleton

question

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm

answer

it has no coelom

question

Lophotrochozoan phyla have a lophophore, a specialized structure for

answer

suspension feeding

question

Long before humans invented it to power aircraft, jet propulsion evolved in

answer

cephalopod mollusks

question

In adult arthropods, the hemocoel

answer

provides space for the internal organs to grow and function

question

How do hemimetabolous and holometabolous metamorphosis differ

answer

Hemimetabolous metamorphosis is incomplete. Holometabolous metamorphosis is complete

question

As a group, invertebrates are

answer

paraphyletic

question

Which character would allow you to identify something as an echinoderm and not a chordate

answer

Radial symmetry

question

What happens to a tide pool community if sea stars are excluded

answer

Mussel populations rapidly increase

question

This phylum is exclusively marine and is named for having many spines and spikes

answer

echinoderms

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle

answer

post-anal tail

question

The leading hypothesis for the origin of the jaw proposes that

answer

it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the gill arches

question

In which vertebrates did feathers first evolve

answer

non-avian dinosaurs

question

Which vertebrates lay amniotic eggs

answer

reptiles and some mammals

question

Estimate total population size in a mark-recapture study in which 200 individuals were initially marked, and you recaptured 150 of which 50 were marked

answer

600

question

Given the data in the table, which survivorship curve does Lacerta viviparta best resemble

answer

Type II

question

Why would life tables constructed in ancient Rome be different than those constructed for today's Romans

answer

The fecundity of today's individuals is lower

question

What is rmax in a species like the giant panda

answer

It is low

question

How might the line appear if unlimited food were provided

answer

The line would be horizontal

question

In the figure above, which of the lines represents the highest per-capita rate increase (r)

answer

line A

question

Hanski's study of fritillaries showed that

answer

metapopulations are dynamic over time

question

What best explains hare and lynx population cycles

answer

the interaction of food availability and predation intensity

question

Why does the age structure of human populations differ in developed versus developing nations

answer

This is because in developing countries, survivorship and the fertility rate have been increasing

question

How can human population size keep increasing in spite of decreased fertility rates

answer

Population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate

question

In species like sea turtles with high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity, conservationists can most effectively help them by

answer

focusing on keeping adults alive

question

What is the fundamental niche of Chthamalus

answer

The upper and lower intertidal zones

question

Which is an apt description of a coevolutionary arms race?

answer

Consumption driving the evolutionary escalation of species traits

question

How might a mutualistic relationship between species evolve into a parasitic one?

answer

When one of the species stops receiving a benefit and also begins to incur a cost

question

What is the combination of resources or areas used or conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors called

answer

a fundamental niche

question

Bees visiting flowers to harvest nectar and pollen would be considered examples of

answer

mutualism

question

What does the graph in the figure above tell you about the definition of a keystone species?

answer

Removing a keystone species from the community drastically reduces diversity.

question

Robert Paine's experiment removing the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceous from intertidal habitats showed that it

answer

was a keystone species

question

Succession in an ecological context refers to

answer

the predictable sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance

question

What makes pioneering plant species successful

answer

They rapidly colonize soil that is exposed and has few or no competitors already present.

question

How might a conservation biologist apply the theory of island biogeography in a national park

answer

By ensuring large patches of forest are left undisturbed

question

How would the species richness curves on an island be affected if mainland habitats were wiped out by urbanization

answer

It would lower the rate of immigration and increase the rate of extinction

question

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are

answer

producers

question

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a

answer

detritivore

question

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a

answer

secondary consume

question

A cow eating grass is an example of a

answer

primary consumer

question

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a

answer

tertiary consumer

question

_____ are secondary consumers.

answer

Carnivores

question

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level

answer

5-10

question

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer

answer

10

question

Why does it take 10 times more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat?

answer

Cattle only integrate 10 percent of their food into biomass

question

Which is the most efficient food source to consume in terms of bioenergetics?

answer

fish

question

Why might one get mercury poisoning from eating tuna every day, but not from eating sardines from the same water?

answer

Tuna biomagnify the mercury.

question

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification (biomagnification)

answer

Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

question

When wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone, they caused changes in the populations of elk, coyotes, aspen, beaver, willows, mice, and hawks. The production of these far-reaching effects on the food web is known as _____.

answer

a trophic cascade

question

Which habitats are the most productive

answer

the tropical rain forests and coral reefs

question

Which human activity has the most direct impact on the global water cycle?

answer

Building of impervious city streets and sidewalks

question

What conditions would lead to low decomposition rates in a marine environment?

answer

Lack of oxygen

question

Carbon dioxide functions as a greenhouse gas because it _____.

answer

reflects heat radiated from the Earth back toward the Earth the way the glass of a greenhouse reflects heat

question

What is the synapomorphy for eukaryotes

answer

Nuclear envelope

question

How many membranes do chloroplasts in members of Plantae have

answer

2

question

Are green plants monophyletic

answer

yes

question

Are green algae monophyletic

answer

yes

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