question

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively.

answer

rat and loud sound

question

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________.

answer

rat

question

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________.

answer

Mary Cover Jones

question

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________.

answer

counterconditioning

question

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.

answer

virtual reality

question

Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.

answer

flying

question

One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called ______.

answer

SpiderWorld

question

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________.

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.

answer

Staats and Staats

question

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________.

answer

paraphilias

question

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________.

answer

evaluative conditioning

question

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.

answer

masochistic

question

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.

answer

precede positive events

question

In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

answer

aversion

question

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______.

answer

exposing them to an unpleasant odor

question

A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________.

answer

improved as much as voluntary patients

question

The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.

answer

flavored water and radiation

question

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________.

answer

interval between CS and US was several minutes

question

Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.

answer

licorice

question

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________.

answer

conditioned taste aversion

question

Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of__________.

answer

emotional conditioning

question

Morgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove weeds from a vineyard without damaging the grape plants.

answer

sheep

question

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with__________.

answer

toothpaste

question

Researchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of ____________ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand.

answer

soft drinks

question

Shepard Siegel's work suggests that some deaths attributed to _____________ are actually the result of conditioning.

answer

drug overdose

question

Diana Woodruff-Pak found that people who condition slowly are more likely to develop ___________.

answer

dementia

question

If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is__________.

answer

allergic to pollen

question

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show __________.

answer

decreased immune functioning

question

Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by __________.

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

The phenomenon of __________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

answer

latent inhibition

question

E. L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand _______.

answer

animal intelligence

question

Thorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals."

answer

anecdotal

question

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.

answer

treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"

question

Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials.

answer

decrease in time

question

The law of effect says that _______.

answer

behavior is a function of its consequences

question

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____.

answer

social psychology

question

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______.

answer

success

question

Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.

answer

instrumental

question

________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box."

answer

Clark Hull

question

Operant learning may also be referred to as _______.

answer

instrumental learning

question

Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______.

answer

the benefits she receives for not speaking English

question

Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______.

answer

the consequence of the behavior must be positive

question

The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______.

answer

strengthen behavior

question

The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______.

answer

four

question

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called _______.

answer

reward learning

question

Negative reinforcement is also called _______.

answer

escape-avoidance training

question

Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly.

answer

pigeons

question

Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.

answer

The Behavior of Organisms

question

The author of your text calls Skinner the ______.

answer

Darwin of behavior science

question

The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______.

answer

primary reinforcer

question

All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______.

answer

classical

question

Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with ______.

answer

water

question

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _______ reinforcer.

answer

secondary

question

Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.

answer

conditioned

question

Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

answer

generalized

question

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______.

answer

occurred as Albert reached for the rat

question

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______.

answer

contiguity

question

Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________.

answer

preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus

question

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______.

answer

motivating operation

question

________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.

answer

Olds and Milner

question

_____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement.

answer

Dopamine

question

Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____.

answer

reduce a drive

question

The best title for the figure below is ______.

answer

The Effect of Practice without Reinforcement

question

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.

answer

relative value

question

Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.

answer

relative value theory

question

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.

answer

a relation between behaviors

question

According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.

answer

response deprivation

question

The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that _______.

answer

the aversive event is not signaled

question

Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________.

answer

time

question

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______.

answer

a reduction in the number of aversive events

question

Shaping is the reinforcement of successive _______.

answer

approximations of a desired behavior

question

The figure below from your text illustrates _______.

answer

shaping

question

Skinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________.

answer

bowl

question

All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except ________.

answer

never back up

question

The first step in building a behavior chain is to do a ______.

answer

task analysis

question

Skinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior chain. Plyny was a ______.

answer

rat

question

The classic experiments on insightful problem solving were done with chimpanzees by _________.

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

question

Insightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of _______.

answer

operant learning

question

The banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler's experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ______.

answer

depends on an organism's learning history

question

In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to _______.

answer

reinforce novel behavior

question

Some studies show that offering rewards reduces creativity. Research by Robert Eisenberger and others suggests that this is because in these studies _______.

answer

the rewards were not contingent on creative behavior

question

Probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stories in an English class is to _______.

answer

praise particularly original stories

question

Superstitous behavior is behavior that occurs repeatedly despite the fact that it __________.

answer

does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it

question

Koichi Ono got superstitious behavior in university students by providing points noncontingently at regular intervals. One student ended up repeatedly ______.

answer

jumping to touch the ceiling

question

Studies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure.

answer

escape training

question

One idea for preventing learned helplessness is _______ training.

answer

immunization

question

Robert Eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ______.

answer

industriousness

question

Stuart Vyse's book on superstition is called _______.

answer

Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition

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