LEARNING AND MEMORY EXAM 3 WSU - Flashcards

question

Prefrontal neurons that fire during a delay period seem to encode:

answer

A)the prior location of a target. B)I THINK; both the prior location of a target and the motor movements needed to make a response. C)the identity of a target. D) WRONG; both the identity of a target and the motor movements needed to make a response.

question

Which memory task is likely to be the MOST difficult following damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

answer

remembering which friends one already invited to a party

question

Compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is:

answer

forgotten more quickly.

question

The Stroop task demonstrates that:

answer

I THINK: working memory is enhanced when information is in conflict. WRONG;working memory is impaired when information is in conflict. reading is an attentional process. reading is an automatic process.

question

If one wants to use one's working memory MOST effectively, one should:

answer

I THINK; focus on one task at a time.

question

It has been suggested that, in ADHD, the basal ganglia:

answer

send inappropriate signals to the prefrontal cortex.

question

The most abstract plans depend on the _____ areas of the frontal lobes, and the most concrete plans depend on the _____ areas of the frontal lobes.

answer

anterior; posterior

question

Permanent or near permanent storage of memory that last beyond a period of conscious attention is known as:

answer

long-term memory.

question

Which is a characteristic of someone with dysexecutive syndrome?

answer

disrupted ability to think and plan

question

Which working-memory process occurs in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?

answer

the visuospatial sketchpad

question

Rebecca takes a dance class in which the first exercise the class does is always the same. But one day, the dance instructor changed the first exercise. Out of habit, Rebecca persisted in doing the exercise she was used to, until she realized everyone else was doing something different. The task her central executive is MOST concerned with in this example is:

answer

stimulus selection and response inhibition.

question

The _____ is involved in manipulation of information, while the _____ is involved in maintenance/rehearsal of information.

answer

dorsolateral PFC; ventrolateral PFC

question

It is often easier to remember words if one can also picture them in their minds. This is because one is using one's:

answer

verbal and visuospatial memory stores.

question

When one consciously tries to remember a fact or event for later retrieval, one is storing the information:

answer

WRONG executively. I THINK; iconically. I THINK; intentionally. incidentally.

question

Which type of memory is NOT considered to be a transient memory?

answer

long-term

question

According to the findings of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ items.

answer

seven

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding goal abstraction in the frontal lobes?

answer

Frontal lobe development throughout childhood proceeds from the posterior regions to the anterior regions.

question

Which aspect of memory is often conceptualized as the mind's active workplace?

answer

working

question

In Baddeley's working memory model which system holds visual and spatial images for manipulation?

answer

the visuospatial sketchpad

question

Which task is used to study task shifting in working memory?

answer

WRONG an N-back task the Tower of Hanoi the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test the Stroop task

question

Suppose one's roommate asks him to pick up five items at the grocery store, but he has no place to write the items down. He keeps repeating the items over and over in his mind until he can get a pencil and piece of paper to write them down. In this example, he would be relying primarily on his _____ memory.

answer

short-term

question

The results of functional brain imaging studies suggest that the:

answer

left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is specialized for processing verbal material. WRONG; right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is specialized for processing verbal material. WRONG; left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has a dominant role in all monitoring processes. WRONG; right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is specialized for processing visual material.

question

The research relating working memory to intelligence has shown that:

answer

general intelligence is associated with a strong working memory.

question

Which part of the prefrontal cortex seems to be particularly involved in working memory functions?

answer

lateral

question

When short-term memory is used as a buffer for maintaining information briefly before it is manipulated, it is referred to as _____ memory.

answer

working

question

Neuroimaging studies of children with ADHD have shown that these children have a(n) _____prefrontal cortex region.

answer

smaller right

question

George Sperling's (1960) experiments on visual sensory memory demonstrated that:

answer

people have a very brief visual memory that decays rapidly.

question

Which task is used to study stimulus selection and response inhibition in working memory?

answer

the Stroop task

question

Charles must study for two exams and write a term paper. He needs to decide how to distribute his work during the day, including how much time to spend studying each subject, when to work on the term paper, how much he needs to accomplish before taking a break, and so forth. The task his central executive is MOST concerned with in this example is:

answer

setting goals and planning.

question

Patients with damage to the _____ side of the frontal lobe are MOST likely to show specialized deficits in _____ tasks.

answer

left; verbal

question

Automatic processes:

answer

determine what cues should be attended to. THIS IS IT; occur with minimal conscious awareness. inhibit reflexive behaviors. WRONG require focused attention.

question

The manipulation and application of working memory for planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors is known as:

answer

cognitive control.

question

How many independent short-term memory buffers are included in Baddeley's working-memory model?

answer

2

question

The Tower of Hanoi puzzle is often used to examine the:

answer

ability to plan and set goals.

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding the phonological loop?

answer

If the material is not rehearsed, it disappears from the phonological loop after about 2 seconds.

question

Which task is an example of one that would activate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

answer

remembering who told one about a major news event

question

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system maintains auditory memories through subvocal rehearsal?

answer

the phonological loop

question

Suppose one's boss catches him in the hallway and asks him to attend a meeting the next day. In order to remember the time and location of the meeting, he repeats it over and over to himself until he gets back to his office and can write it down in his schedule. In his rehearsal, he is using the:

answer

phonological loop.

question

If one is driving to a friend's house, one's specific goal of turning the steering wheel at a given moment is mainly relying on the _____ areas of the frontal lobes.

answer

medial WRONG; anterior lateral I THINK; posterior

question

Larissa is visiting an amusement park. She moves from ride to ride skipping the ones with very long lines with the intent of returning later on. To make sure she gets on all the rides she wants to go on, she needs to keep track of which rides she's already been on and which ones she hasn't. The task her central executive is most concerned with in this example is:

answer

I THINK controlled updating of short-term memory buffers. WRONG; setting goals and planning. task switching. stimulus selection and response inhibition.

question

During working-memory tasks, schizophrenic patients seem to:

answer

recruit the ventrolateral PFC to compensate for a dysfunctional dorsolateral PFC.

question

Researchers studying expertise sometimes focus on the abilities of professionals (athletes, chess masters, etc.) because:

answer

WRONG; the researchers have a great deal of control over the environmental variables affecting such people. I THINK; the performance of professionals is usually easy to quantify.

question

Individuals with anterograde amnesia can:

answer

learn new skills but are unaware of having learned them.

question

Which statement demonstrates that nonhumans can learn cognitive skills?

answer

Chimpanzees in the wild have learned how to use stones to crack nuts. Dolphins can learn to repeat whatever action they had performed most recently when instructed to do so by a trainer. In the lab, experimenters have taught primates and other animals to use various tools. ALL OF THE STATEMENTS ARE CORRECT.

question

Jacob has an exam tomorrow. He hasn't studied all semester and is cramming his studying all into one night. Jacob is using _____ practice.

answer

massed

question

Feedback about the performance of a skill that is critical to the effectiveness of practice is known as:

answer

knowledge of results.

question

Psychologists usually associate cognitive skills with the:

answer

ability to reason and solve problems. tasks that require sorting through large amounts of knowledge. tasks depend more on intellectual prowess. ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT.

question

Which skill is an example of a perceptual-motor skill?

answer

skiing

question

Neuroimaging studies of experts suggest that one should see increased cortical activation in brain areas associated with a:

answer

tennis-player's dominant arm.

question

In musician's dystonia, extensive practicing of an instrument leads to:

answer

loss of motor control due to reorganization of the motor cortex.

question

In 2005, Harvard University president Larry Summers provoked controversy by suggesting that:

answer

men have a high aptitude in the area of engineering.

question

Which stage of Fitts's three-stage model would act in setting up a tent without instructions?

answer

WRONG; cognitive associative WRONG; autonomous acquisition

question

If a mother wants her son to implicitly learn to use correct grammar, she should:

answer

always use correct grammar when she speaks to him.

question

Research on using massed and spaced practice to train postal workers to use a letter-sorting machine showed that:

answer

those using spaced practice required the fewest hours of training to learn the task.

question

The results of studies on twins' performance on the rotary pursuit task suggest that practice:

answer

decreases the effects of prior experience. WRONG; increases the effects of prior experience. decreases the effects of genetic influences. MAYBE: has no impact on the effects of genetic influences.

question

Rats with damage to the basal ganglia:

answer

have trouble learning to navigate a radial maze in which only the illuminated arms contain food.

question

The restricted applicability of some learned skills to specific situations is known as:

answer

transfer specificity.

question

Thorndike proposed that learned abilities transfer to new situations to an extent that depends on the number of elements in the new situation. This is referred to as:

answer

identical elements theory.

question

As people learn a new perceptual-motor skill, the amount of cortex that is active _____ with practice.

answer

increases rapidly at first and then more slowly

question

Which activity is an example of a cognitive skill?

answer

organizing one's own class schedule

question

Steve is trying to improve his public-speaking skills. He is practicing by giving speeches on different topics to different groups of friends. He is using _____ practice.

answer

variable

question

Which activity is an example of the cognitive stage of skill acquisition?

answer

following the instructions in a recipe to bake cookies WRONG; following a recipe from memory to bake cookies WRONG; baking cookies without a recipe while listening to a child talk about her day at school I THINK; trying out new ingredients in a traditional cookie recipe

question

If a child wants to learn to write his own name by using spaced practice, he should write the name:

answer

once every day for several weeks.

question

Psychologists sometimes classify memories that are not easily put into words, including skill memories as:

answer

nondeclarative memories.

question

Being able to throw a baseball without having to think about the motions one is making is an example of the _____ stage of skill acquisition.

answer

autonomous

question

What is serial reaction time task used for?

answer

study implicit learning.

question

A person riding as a passenger in a car sometimes has the experience of automatically stepping on an imaginary brake as the driver brings the car to a fast stop. The passenger's behavior is:

answer

a motor program.

question

A participant observing a film forms memories that he later uses to improve his own skills in that area. This is known as:

answer

observational learning.

question

Practice of a skill that is spread out over several sessions is known as _____ practice

answer

spaced

question

Which activity is the BEST example of an open skill?

answer

catching a baseball

question

What has been found regarding the impact of sleep on people's ability to perform a sequenced finger-tapping task?

answer

WRONG; Practicing two skills on the same day can interfere with retention of the second skill practiced. Practicing two skills on the same day can interfere with retention of the first skill practiced. I THINK THIS ONE; YES Reviewing a recently learned skill before beginning to practice a new one can interfere with retention of the new skill. Reviewing a recently learned skill before beginning to practice a new one can interfere with retention of both skills.

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding the power law of practice?

answer

It is the same for most skills.

question

Feedback about the performance of a skill that is critical to the effectiveness of practice is known as:

answer

knowledge of results.

question

Research suggests that the basal ganglia are involved in learning:

answer

both perceptual-motor skills and cognitive skills.

question

Which stage of Fitts's three-stage model would act in setting up a tent while carrying on a discussion about politics?

answer

WRONGcognitive WRONG associative I THINK; autonomous acquisition

question

Which statement is TRUE about skill memories?

answer

They are difficult to convey except by demonstration. They may be acquired without awareness. They require several repetitions. ALL OF THE STATEMENTS ARE TRUE.

question

An expert is someone who:

answer

performs a skill better than most people.

question

A skill is a(n):

answer

ability to perform a task that has been honed through experience.

question

An electromechanical device that can help people recover lost abilities to learn and perform perceptual-motor skills is called:

answer

motor prosthesis.

question

Which activity is the BEST example of implicit learning?

answer

earning the words of a song that is played regularly on the radio

question

During the _____ stage of skill acquisition, learners begin using stereotyped actions when performing the skill and rely less on actively recalled memories of rules.

answer

associative

question

Functional amnesia may be associated with:

answer

abnormalities in the medial temporal lobe and diencephalon.

question

Lesions of the hippocampal region have been shown to disrupt an organism's ability to:

answer

remember where food is stored in a radial arm maze. locate food that the organism previously stored. recall a list of words. ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT.

question

The type of amnesia that results from psychological causes rather than from any obvious physical causes is called:

answer

functional amnesia.

question

If one were shown a picture of graduation taken from a different vantage point from where one was seated, one would likely still be able to recognize the scene. This demonstrates that memories:

answer

can be communicated flexibly

question

When Loftus tried to implant false memories of being lost in a shopping mall, she found that:

answer

about 25% percent of people formed a false memory.

question

The process whereby each time an old memory is recalled or reactivated may become vulnerable to modification is known as:

answer

reconsolidation.

question

Tulving proposed that:

answer

episodic memory grows out of semantic memory.

question

Which theory is supported by studies that show that hippocampal activity is highest for recent memory and decreases as memories get older?

answer

standard consolidation theory

question

According to Tulving and other researchers the ability to maintain episodic memories requires the ability to:

answer

perform "mental time-travel" to relive and review past experiences.

question

Maya showed up at a police station one day claiming she could not recall who she was. After being examined by a doctor she was found to have no obvious injury or brain damage. From what type of amnesia did Maya suffer?

answer

WRONG; transient global amnesia (TGA) dissociative fugue WRONG; dissociative amnesia I THINKL; source amnesia

question

Which statement is an example of an episodic memory?

answer

One remembers the details of one's first date.

question

Electroconvulsive therapy has been shown to:

answer

Wrong: disrupt older memories the most. disrupt recently acquired memories the most. disrupt all memories about equally. have no effect on memory.

question

According to Endel Tulving, which type of memory stores facts and general world knowledge?

answer

semantic

question

Proactive interference is when:

answer

old information disrupts new learning.

question

Which statement is an example of semantic memory?

answer

WRONG; One remembers eating chicken last night for dinner. MAYBE; One remembers learning how to ride a bicycle. One remembers seeing the word "giraffe" in Chapter 7. One knows that lemons have a sour taste.

question

What did Davachi et al. find when they used fMRI to examine brain activity during a levels-of-processing task?

answer

There was differential brain activation for tasks that involved different levels of processing.

question

According to Tulving, animals cannot maintain episodic memories because animals:

answer

do not have a sense of self.

question

When two memories overlap in content, the strength of either or both memories may be reduced. This is known as:

answer

interference.

question

Godden and Baddeley (1975) found that the divers who remembered the most were the ones who:

answer

learned and were tested in the same environment.

question

The memory test that involves generating information from memory is called _____, while the memory test that involves picking the correct answer from a list of possible options is called _____.

answer

free recall; recognition

question

When one remembers information but cannot remember where one learned it, this is known as:

answer

source amnesia.

question

Which statement is FALSE regarding semantic memory?

answer

It is tagged with spatial and temporal context.

question

According to the phenomenon of transfer-appropriate processing, if one encodes a list of words by thinking about whether they rhyme with other words, one will recall the list BEST if the test requires one to recognize words that:

answer

I THINK: start with the same letter as the words one learned. rhyme with the words one learned. WRONG; are synonyms for the words one learned. are antonyms for the words one learned.

question

In the directed forgetting task, participants are asked to:

answer

forget something that they've learned.

question

According to standard consolidation theory, patients with brain damage that is limited to the hippocampus should have _____ anterograde amnesia and _____ retrograde amnesia.

answer

a lot of; a lot of very little; very little a lot of; very little WRONG; very little; a lot of

question

Which statement demonstrates that some memories are accessible to conscious recollection?

answer

One knows that one has the knowledge that the Earth is round.

question

When one remembers information but is mistaken about the specific episode that is the source, this is known as:

answer

source monitoring error

question

In several studies, participants were given a list of related words to learn, such as DREAM, AWAKE, REST, and TIRED. When later asked if they recognized the "theme" word (e.g., SLEEP), which had never been presented, it was found that they:

answer

often falsely recognized the theme word.

question

Suppose a person buys a new remote control for the television, and the person is having a hard time remembering where the buttons are because they are arranged differently than they were on the old remote control. This is an example of:

answer

proactive interference.

question

If one runs into a professor in the grocery store, one may be less likely to recognize her than when one sees her in a regular classroom. This demonstrates the phenomenon of:

answer

transfer-appropriate processing.

question

Which statement demonstrates that nonhuman animals may possess episodic memory?

answer

Gorillas can remember which fruit they ate yesterday and who gave it to them.

question

Strategies for making information more memorable and easier to recall are known as:

answer

mne·mon·ics

question

Which of these states that the more deeply one analyzes information, the more likely one is to encode the information in memory and subsequently remember it later?

answer

levels of processing

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding episodic memory?

answer

It can be communicated in a format other than that in which it was acquired.

question

The phenomenon of transfer-appropriate processing effect suggests that:

answer

the best way to remember something depends on the type of test that is used.

question

In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage either before or after they heard the passage read. Which group remembered the MOST information?

answer

people who saw the picture before hearing the passage

question

One difference between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memory _____, while semantic memory _____.

answer

is part of declarative memory; is part of nondeclarative memory does not have autobiographical content; has autobiographical content I THINK: is acquired in a single exposure; usually requires several exposures WRONG; is part of explicit memory; is part of implicit memory

question

_____ states that retrieval is MORE likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encoding.

answer

WRONG: Consolidation period I THINK: Depth of processing Transfer-appropriate processing Proactive interference

question

Which theory states that the medial temporal lobe structures are needed initially for encoding and retrieval, but their role diminishes over time?

answer

standard consolidation theory

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding the forgetting of skills?

answer

Forgetting is rapid at first and then slows down.

question

Which item is an example of source amnesia?

answer

remembering playing in a particular park as a young child, but actually only remembering the pictures one's parents took of one playing in that park

question

Which statement suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is dysfunctional in people with schizophrenia?

answer

People with schizophrenia display disturbance in both cognition and memory.

question

All of the functions of the central executive involve:

answer

manipulation of information in short-term memory.

question

The learning process that includes the ability to verbalize about the actions or events being learned is known as:

answer

explicit learning.

question

Elliot is a successful and happily married accountant who had always been viewed by others as reliable and responsible. He developed a large tumor that surgeons were able to remove. However, soon after the surgery, he divorced his wife, remarried and divorced again, lost touch with most of his friends and family, got involved in corrupt business deals, and was soon bankrupt. It's logical to say that Elliot's _____ was damaged by the tumor.

answer

cerebellum

question

On mirror-tracing tasks, people with damage to the cerebellum _____ than unimpaired people.

answer

WRONG; learn the task more slowly learn the task more quickly I THINK; show less transfer of training show more transfer of training

question

Skill memories:

answer

are improved by repeated experiences.

question

Learning a skill without one being aware that one has learned it is known as _____ learning.

answer

implicit

question

The time period during which new memories are vulnerable and easily lost is called a(n) _____ period.

answer

consolidation

question

One knows that cows produce milk. If this knowledge has grown out of one's repeated experiences observing cows being milked, this would suggest that:

answer

WRONG; episodic memory grows out of semantic memory. semantic memory grows out of episodic memory. episodic memories are learned in a single exposure. I THINK; semantic memories are learned in a single exposure.

question

According to Thorndike's identical elements theory, if one learns to swim in an indoor pool, one will swim the BEST in:

answer

an indoor pool.

question

The acquisition of the ability to learn a new task rapidly based on frequent experiences with a similar task is known as:

answer

learning set formation.

question

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system monitors and manipulates the working-memory buffers?

answer

the central executive

question

Someone with damage to the basal ganglia would have the MOST trouble with which task?

answer

remembering how to ride a bike

question

The ability to hold information in short-term memory is limited by:

answer

the capacity of STM. what one can pay attention to. how one encodes the information. All of the answers are correct.

question

The existence of Korsakoff's disease demonstrates the importance of the _____ in memory.

answer

diencephalon

question

State-based models of memory are known as:

answer

unitary-store.

question

Functional imaging studies have shown that the _____ ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is activated during tasks that involve semantic processing, while the _____ ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is activated during tasks that involve phonological processing.

answer

WRONG; right posterior; left anterior left anterior; right posterior left posterior; left anterior I THINK; left anterior; left posterior

question

When rats with damage to the basal ganglia are put in a water maze, and the platform is moved to a new location, the rats swim:

answer

directly to the location where the platform used to be, even when the platform is not visible.

question

Duncan (1949) demonstrated that _____ has an impact on rats' memory depending on the time it is administered after training.

answer

electroconvulsive shock

question

Jenny suffered a heart attack, after which she experienced memory loss that lasted about 24 hours. From what type of amnesia did Jenny suffer?

answer

transient global amnesia (TGA)

question

With practice, cortical expansion occurs in areas of:

answer

I THINK; somatosensory cortex that are relevant for performing the skill. WRONG; motor cortex that are relevant for performing the skill. both somatosensory cortex and motor cortex that are relevant for performing the skill. the cortex that are not relevant for performing the skill.

question

One noted characteristic of frontal-lobe damage is:

answer

loss of ability to plan and organize.

question

Which part of the brain is activated when a person tries to remember past events?

answer

THIS IS IT; the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex the orbital prefrontal cortex WRONG; the medial prefrontal cortex

question

To create a memorable yet secure password one should:

answer

write a hint or clue on a piece of paper.

question

Korsakoff's disease:

answer

usually results from damage to the medial temporal lobes. I THINK; is often accompanied by confabulation. is associated with a vitamin C deficiency. WRONG; typically involves retrograde amnesia but not anterograde amnesia.

question

According to the findings of Bransford and Johnson regarding the effects of context on memory, one will remember material from the course lectures BEST if he:

answer

reads the assigned chapter before attending the lecture.

question

It is difficult to study the forgetting of perceptual-motor skills because:

answer

I THINK; once a skill is learned, it is never forgotten. WRONG; if a person cannot perform a skill, it usually means she has forgotten it. without practice, the ability to perform a skill tends to deteriorate. it is difficult to distinguish forgetting of the skill from impairment in motor control.

question

The results of studies using the subsequent memory paradigm have demonstrated that the medial temporal lobes are MOST active during _____ of information.

answer

encoding

question

Where does information automatically and rapidly decay?

answer

sensory memory

question

A person with damage to the cerebellum would have the MOST trouble with which task?

answer

synchronizing movements with a partner in ballroom dancing

question

Which statement is TRUE?

answer

I THINK; Playing violent action video games can increase visual-attention abilities. Playing any kind of video games can increase visual-attention abilities. WRONG; The effects of playing video games are apparent after just 10 minutes of practice. The effects of playing video games are restricted to the games themselves and do not carry over to other tasks.

question

A person's genetically endowed ability to perform a skill better than most is known as a gift or a(n):

answer

talent.

question

Suppose one meets two new people at a party. One has trouble remembering the name of the first person one met because the name of the second person keeps coming to mind instead. This is an example of:

answer

I THINK; retroactive interference. WRONG; proactive interference. source amnesia. false memory.

question

Brain imaging studies show that people with _____ copies of the COMT allele show _____ prefrontal cortex activity during a 2-back task.

answer

one or two; lower

question

_____ is caused from a physical brain injury.

answer

Organic amnesia

question

Which psychiatric problem is one of the most commonly diagnosed in children?

answer

ADHD

question

Which type of exam question is the BEST example of a free-recall question?

answer

essay

question

The frontal cortex:

answer

helps determine what one stores and what one doesn't store.

question

If Madeleine wants to learn two very simple perceptual-motor skills MOST effectively, she should practice

answer

I THINK; them on separate days. both on the same day and then get a good night's sleep. one skill on the first day, then review that same skill on the second day before practicing the other skill. WRONG; both skills on the first day, then practice only the second skill on the second day.

question

Which memory system stores brief sensations of what one has just perceived?

answer

sensory memory

question

Which area of the brain is particularly important for controlling the velocity, direction, and amplitude of movements?

answer

the basal ganglia

question

Remembering an event that never actually happened is known as:

answer

false memory.

question

According to Endel Tulving, which type of memory stores specific autobiographical events?

answer

episodic

question

If an individual's basal ganglia are sending inappropriate signals to the prefrontal cortex, the individual is probably suffering from what disorder?

answer

ADHD

question

Which statement explains the relationship between episodic and semantic memory?

answer

All of the statements are correct.

question

Electroconvulsive shock:

answer

disrupts memory if given soon after learning.

question

Ryan once learned to play a piano piece very well. After years of not playing the piece, he found he could no longer play it nearly as well as he originally could. Ryan is experiencing:

answer

skill decay.

question

n a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage either before or after they heard the passage read. Which group remembered the MOST information?

answer

people who drew their own picture while the passage was being read

question

Joe just suffered a head injury in a motorcycle accident. According to the Ribot gradient, Joe will probably:

answer

WRONG; lose all memories of events that occurred during the hours leading up to the accident. remember almost everything that happened during the accident. IN AM SURE; lose all memories of the accident itself. have good memory for events leading up to the accident and poorer memory for earlier events.

question

On short-term verbal memory tasks, people with slow rates of speech but normal intelligence perform:

answer

worse than people of normal intelligence who speak at a normal rate.

question

Deficits in working memory in people with schizophrenia may be caused by a(n) _____ in the prefrontal cortex.

answer

lack of sufficient dopamine

question

A neuromodulator that alters neuron-to-neuron communication is known as:

answer

serotonin. dopamine. epinephrine. WRONG; glutamic acid.

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding expert performance?

answer

WRONG; Compared with chess masters, amateur chess players move their eyes more rapidly to focus on a small number of locations on the board. Amateur chess players focus more on empty squares than chess masters do. Compared with inexperienced soccer players, expert players are more likely to watch the player who has the ball. I THINK; Expert basketball players are good at predicting the outcome of a shot based on the movements of the player who has the ball before he releases his shot.

question

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory, information flows from:

answer

sensory memory, to short-term memory, to long-term memory.

question

People with frontal-lobe damage would have trouble:

answer

IN THINK; creating a story. WRONG; retrieving a story they heard as a child. remembering a simple story. remembering whether a story was on TV or in a magazine.

question

Episodic memories are _____ memories, and semantic memories are _____ memories.

answer

declarative; declarative

question

A sequence of movements that an organism can perform virtually automatically is known as motor programs or:

answer

habits. I THINK expertise. practice. WRONG motor skills.

question

Unlike deep brain stimulation where the electrodes stimulate the brain, the motor prostheses electrodes:

answer

collect information from neurons and transmit those signals.

question

In a task requiring monkeys to move their gaze to the former position of a visual cue, it was found that neurons in the prefrontal cortex fired during:

answer

WRONG; presentation of the visual cue. IN THINK; the monkey's response. the delay between presentation of the cue and the response. All of the answers are correct.

question

he Tower of Hanoi puzzle is often used to examine the:

answer

ability to plan and set goals.

question

One can remember what happened on one's first day of school by using _____ memory.

answer

episodic

question

Research suggests that transient global amnesia may be due to:

answer

temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain.

question

People with damage to the frontal lobes are impaired on:

answer

All of the answers are correct.

question

The hippocampus:

answer

is most active during initial encoding of words that would be remembered.

question

The famous patient known as H.M.:

answer

suffered from severe anterograde amnesia.

question

If Madeleine wants to learn two very simple perceptual-motor skills MOST effectively, she should practice:

answer

them on separate days.

question

Brain-imaging research on people learning to use patterns on cards to predict weather outcomes has shown that activity _____ in the basal ganglia, and people _____ improve on the task.

answer

increases; do

question

The _____ prefrontal cortex seems to be active during _____ encoding.

answer

ventrolateral; intentional

question

The metaphor of memory as a computer compares RAM with _____ memory and a hard drive with _____ memory.

answer

working; long-term

question

The active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory is known as:

answer

working memory.

question

Which stage of Fitts's three-stage model would act in using written instructions to set up a tent?

answer

cognitive

question

The type of amnesia in which a person has a temporary memory loss, usually lasting a day or less, is called:

answer

transient global amnesia (TGA).

question

Which treatment is used to alleviate tremors and other motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease?

answer

deep brain stimulation

question

Disruption of performance on domain-specific motor learning tasks is seen with damage to the _____ regions of the frontal lobes.

answer

anterior and posterior

question

In a delayed-response task, Fuster found that monkey prefrontal neurons fired only:

answer

during a delay period when the monkey had to remember an object but not its location.

question

If one has recently attended several parties, one may have a hard time remembering the details of the events that occurred at any one particular party. That person's difficulty demonstrates that a(n) _____ memory can be _____ by exposure to similar information.

answer

episodic; weakened

question

In the _____ stage, learners begin using stereotyped actions when performing a skill and rely less on actively recalled memories of rules.

answer

associative

question

Without any explicit training from adults many children know how to turn the ignition key in order to start their parent's cars. This is an example of:

answer

implicit learning.

question

During learning of a mirror-reading task, the left cerebellum shows _____ activity, and the right cerebellum shows _____ activity.

answer

increased; decreased

question

Cats and many other mammals get through life with a frontal lobe that occupies less than _____ percent of their cerebral cortex.

answer

4

question

People with Parkinson's disease:

answer

can be treated with deep brain stimulation.

question

Thorndike's identical elements theory provides a good explanation for:

answer

transfer specificity.

question

Which activity is the BEST example of a closed skill?

answer

playing a particular piece on the piano

question

In Brooks's task involving visualizing a block letter F, it was reasoned that:

answer

remembering the F used the visuospatial sketchpad, while making the response used the phonological loop.

question

The part of the brain involved in coordinating information within and across sensory modalities is the:

answer

diencephalon.

question

Research on twins' performance on the rotary pursuit task has shown that as training progressed:

answer

fraternal twins' performance became more dissimilar.

question

Which system modifies behavior when the automatic responses are inappropriate and inhibit automatic routines in favor of more appropriate behaviors?

answer

supervisory attentional

question

The Tower of Hanoi puzzle is used for studying how one learns _____ skills.

answer

cognitive

question

Which knowledge is the BEST example of a skill memory?

answer

knowing how to tie shoe

question

After witnessing his brother get in trouble for taking a cake without asking, the younger child doesn't take cake without asking. This is an example of:

answer

observational learning.

question

The part of the brain involved in coordinating information within and across sensory modalities is the:

answer

sensory cortex.

question

Evidence suggests that nonhuman animals probably have:

answer

semantic but not episodic memory.

question

Where does information automatically and rapidly decay?:

answer

sensory memory

question

horndike proposed that learned abilities transfer to new situations to an extent that depends on the number of elements in the new situation. This is referred to as:

answer

identical elements theory.

question

Wilder Penfield described the changes in his sister after she had a brain tumor removed. She went from being an accomplished cook to losing all ability to organize her cooking, moving from one dish to another leaving some uncooked. The removal of the tumor caused damage to what area of her brain?

answer

the frontal lobe

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