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Town development

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Near castles, cathedrals, good trade, former Roman towns, manufacturing business centers, fairs, protection: walls,gates, citizen patrol, problems: dirty (no sewers) muddy, dark, disease, curfew.

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Burgher(fortified town/castle)

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a citizen of a town or city, typically a member of the wealthy burgher which means German.

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Curfew

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they had a gate for the manor and would close it at a certain curfew so that invaders couldn't get into the manor.

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Absolute monarchy(France)

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Absolute monarchy is a variation of the governmental form of monarchy in which all governmental power and responsibility emanates from and is centered in the monarch.

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King John

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Was forced to sign the magna carta (1215) king must share power with Barons/Noblemen, king cannot throw people in prison without trial, king cannot raise taxes without parliament approval (power of the purse)

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Crusades 1095-1291

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Pope Urban II promises sins will be forgotten going to heaven. Slates wiped clean, devotion to god, defending Europe, raise social standings, adventure trying to escape justice. Total of 9 crusades 4 military ones. Women kept eye on husband. Problems not unified force, couldn't speak same language, conflict of leadership.

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Heraldry

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pictures on shields, family crest

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Crusades (Order of War)

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First= Christians within Jerusalem only successful military crusade. 2nd= lost Jerusalem, 4th= Christian attack and loot Constantinople. Saladin= leader of Muslims. Other crusades= peasants + children Peter the Hermit + Walter both non-military

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Holy Land/ Jerusalem

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is an area roughly located between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea that also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River. Traditionally, it is synonymous with both the biblical Land of Israel.

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Jihad

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struggle in Arabic

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Muslims

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Believe in one God. Holy book is called Qur'an. Arabic is the scared language of Islam. Qur'an contains revelations God made to Muhammad. Qur'an outlines how you should be living and goals/ salvation. Islam is based on God's teachings and examples of Muhammad's life. To attain salvation Muslims must practice five basic pillars.

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Mohammed

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Muslims worship in a holy building called a mosque. Friday noon prayers are the most important. Muslims select an imam a person of good character and religious knowledge. The two major sects of Islam are sunni and Shi'i differ mainly in leadership. The Qur'an contains the revelations God made to Mohammed. The Qur'an outlines a goal and promises salvation. Mohammed was born in Mecca. Mohammed made mecca the center of Islam and religious holiest city.

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Medina

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Muhammad displayed impressive leadership skills. He fashioned an agreement that joined his own people with the Arabs and Jews of Medina as a single community. These groups accepted Muhammad as a political leader. Muhammad also became a military leader in the growing hostilities between Mecca and Medina.

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Allah

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This concept of belief in one God, called Allah in Arabic, was known on the Arabian Peninsula.

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Koran (Qur'an)

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Is the Holy Book of the Muslims the Qur'an us written in Arabic, and Muslims consider only the Arabic version to be the true word of Allah.

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Minaret

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A tall slender tower attached to a mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a muezzin or a recording of a muezzin summons the people to prayer.

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Gothic Cathedral

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A new style of architecture evolved throughout medieval Europe. The term Gothic comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths. Unlike the heavy, gloomy Romanesque buildings, Gothic cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven.

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Alchemy

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Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Egypt and Eurasia which aimed to purify, mature, and perfect certain objects.

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Longbow

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The English introduced the longbow and demonstrated its power in three significant battles. The longbow, not chivalry, had won the day. The success of the longbow in these battles spelled doom for chivalric warfare.

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Medical science

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Islam contributed hospitals herbal remedies and pharmacies

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Saladin

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Muslim leader during Crusades

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Eleanor was one of the most powerful women of the Middle Ages. Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, she would go onto become queen-consort of France and later queen of England.

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Friars

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a member of any of certain religious orders of men

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Apprentice

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a person who works for free in exchange for training.

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A master

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someone who is highly skilled, owns a shop, can teach people.

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Universities

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Existed in Bologna, Rome, Paris, studied math, geometry, latin ,etc. Professor would lecture in latin in one room of building.

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Henry Tudor

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Was born with a claim to the English crown and also born during the war of the Roses.

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Joan of Arc

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Martyr, saint and military leader Joan of Arc, acting under divine guidance, led the French army to victory over the English during the Hundred Years' War. Nicknamed "The Maid of Orleans," she led the French army to victory over the English at Orleans.

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Epic poetry

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An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.

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Guilds

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Craftsmen/merchants cared for their members and their families.

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Town fairs

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People would come in and trade goods. They set up a marketplace a place where farmers could bring their extra food and animals and trade them.

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Banking

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Islam gave us banking

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Limited monarchy(England)

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Royal abuses power with taxes, King John forced to sign Magna Carta (1215) King must share power with Barons/Noblemen, King canno't throw people in prison without approval from parliament (power of the purse)

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Parliamentt

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Parliament was the feeble offspring of the Magna Carta. 'No taxation without representation

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Pope Urban II

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Promised salvation (heaven) if crusaders embarked on mission of getting their Holy Land of Jerusalem back from the alien invaders (muslims).

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Saudi Arabia

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Mecca remained the spiritual focus of Islam because it was the destination for the pilgrimage that all Muslims were required, if feasible, to make once in their lives. Mecca was the muslims holy city.

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Prophet

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a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God:

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Five Pillars

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To be a muslim you have to carry out five duties. 1. Faith= to become a Muslim, a person has to testify to the following statement of faith: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." 2. Prayer=five times a day, Muslims face toward Mecca to pray. They may assemble at a mosque. 3. Alms= Muhammad taught all Muslims have a responsibility to support the less fortunate. Giving money to poor. 4. Fasting= During the Islamic Holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast between dawn and sunset. 5. Pilgrimage= All Muslims perform the hajj to Mecca at least once, they wear identical garment as they stand before Allah.

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Excommunication

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the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church:

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Bubonic Plague

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Killed half of Europe's population thought to be spread by the Mongols. Bacterial infection that kills within hours or days. Purplish bubbles appear on skin.

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Troubadours

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Traveling musicians singing songs of love.

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Roger Bacon

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studied light, optics, and agriculture.

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Simony

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bribery, buying a job in the church, form of corpution, church was always taking money.

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Moors

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The Moors were tolerant of the Christian and Jews who lived in the land they conquered, but they taxed the people who did not share their Islamic faith at a higher rate. As a consequence, many citizens converted to Islam to avoid paying higher taxes.

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journeyman

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Next level up from apprentice, can be hired and paid.

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Inquisition

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a period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation:

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Curriculum

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math, geometry, latin, learning took place in latin, redrick (speaking) music, theology, medicine, law

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John Wycliffe

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Preached how Jesus Chrst, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. He also belived clergy should own no wealth or land. He also taught that the bible was the final authority of the Chrsitan life not the pope.

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Vernacular

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Everyday local speech (French, italin, etc.)

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astrology

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studied whatever star they were born under depends on what type of person they are (horoscopes)

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Bourgeoisie

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French word meaning fortified town/ castle

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Magna Carta

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The Magna Carta was the first written document presented to King John of England by his subjects intended to restrict his power and protect their rights. Historians consider it a major milestone in the history of constitutional law.

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Birth of nations

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France and England

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Charter

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A legal document granted by the king that allowed people to run their own towns.

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William the Conqueror

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The policies of William the Conqueror, king of England from 1066 until his death in 1087, may be largely responsible for eventually making Britain the most powerful nation in Europe.

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Infidel

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a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own:

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Islam

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the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.

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Mecca

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Holy Place of Muslims

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Pilgrimage

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Journey to Mecca that was taken once in a lifetime to become closer to Allah.

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Hegria

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Muhammad's departure from Mecca to Medina in ad 622, prompted by the opposition of the merchants of Mecca and marking the consolidation of the first Muslim community.

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Mosque

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Holy place of worship for the muslims

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Islamic culture

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Islamic culture is a term primarily used in secular academia to describe the cultural practices common to historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture were predominantly Arab.

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Tithe

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one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the church and clergy.

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Hundred Years War

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(Historical Terms) the series of wars fought intermittently between England and France from 1337-1453: after early victories the English were expelled from all of France except Calais

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Dante (Divine Comedy)

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The Divine Comedy definition. An epic poem written by Dante in the early fourteenth century, describing the author's journey through the afterlife.

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St. Francais

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The noun SAINT FRANCIS has 2 senses: 1. (Roman Catholic Church) an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars (1181-1226). 2. a tributary of the Mississippi River that rises in Missouri and flows southeastward through Arkansas.

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Trials/ Jury

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After King John signed the Magna Carta you couldn't be thrown in jail without a trial

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Heresy

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belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine:

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Bedouin

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a nomadic Arab of the desert.

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Common law

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The common law tradition emerged in England during the Middle Ages and was applied within British colonies across continents. The civil law tradition developed in continental Europe at the same time and was applied in the colonies of European imperial powers such as Spain and Portugal.

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Scholastics

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Church scholars

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War of the Roses

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Fought between two noble families in Lancaster

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Romanesque style

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formal building rounded out sides

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Gothic style

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a pointed arch allowed for taller buildings

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romance languages

answer

Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian

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