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The Bronze Age

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was not known until late nineteenth century, when German archeologist, Hienrich Schliemann uncovered first artifacts of Troy. Mycenaeans established themselves on the Greek mainland around 1600 B.C.E. Sir Arthur Evans found an even earlier pre-Greek civilization located on the island of Crete in the Agean Sea. He called it Minoan. This civilization flourished between around 2000 and 1400 B.C.E., when it seems to have been absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.

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The Sophist

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In fifth-century B.C.E., teachers of rhetoric (who were paid); relativists who taught that might makes right, truth is a matter of appearance and convention, and power is the ultimate value.

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The Mycenaean Civilization

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was not known until late nineteenth century, when German archeologist, Hienrich Schliemann uncovered first artifacts of Troy. Mycenaeans established themselves on the Greek mainland around 1600 B.C.E.

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Socrates

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Socrates was the first great philosopher of the west. He differed than the sophists, he questioned the public opinion by wandering the streets and questioning people, forcing them to examine their beliefs critically and confront the logical consequences of their ideas. "no man wiser than Socrates "- he understood he knew nothing, and that wisdom lies in the endless search for knowledge. He gave birth to ideas, absolutes of truth, and justice and excellence, dormant within people, and with the method of questioning and refuting students answers, the socratic method, he brought students to see the truth. "gadfly" for efforts to goad athenians into examining their opinions "life without inquiry is not worth living"- found guilty of corrupting athenian youth and impiety and drank a cup of poison hemlock.

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Homer

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Moral teacher of Greece he wrote 400 poems, described the world epic, myth emotional impact, wrote IIiad, Odessey

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Confucius

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A Chinese teacher and philosopher, born in 551 BC. He thought his life had been a failure. Didn't know that teachings would be followed after his death.

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The Iliad

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Epic poem about the Trojan war

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the Book of Change

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a directory for interpreting the operations of the universe. It originated in the Shang Era, but was not recored until the sixth century B.C.E. It consists of cryptic symbols and commentaries on which diviners drew to predict the future. Order derived from the balance between the four seasons, the five elements, and the five powers of creation.

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The Odyssey

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The second of the two epic poems; written by homer that recounts the adventures of odysseus during his return from the war in troy to his home in the greek island of ithaca.

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the Analects

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the collected saying of confucius, laid the foundation for china's enduring civilization. it idealized a strong rulers, the consolidation and centralization of power, a highly educated , exclusively male elite, that was responsible for the well being of all the subjects in the state.

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The Trojan War

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war described by the poet homer who lived 300-500 years after the war. in his poem the greek army of myenaens and achaeans destroyed troy in 1290bc because a trojan youth named paris had kidnapped helen the beautiful wife of a greek king. the war to win her back and get revenge lasted 10 years.

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Plato

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one of socrates' students; was considered by many to be the greatest philosopher of western civilization. plato explained his ideas about government in a work entitled the republic. in his ideal state, the people were divided into three different groups

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Herodotus

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greek historian, considered the father of history. he came from a greek community in anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western asia and the mediterranean lands.

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Allegory

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a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one

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Pericles

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important leader and warrior in athens during the golden age who strengthened democracy, made it possible for poor people to be in the government of athens, and said there should be equal justice for all people.

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Aristotle

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student of plato. developed the theory of drama. 384-322 Born in Macedonia; middle class. Attends academy and is good friends with plato. Rejects idea that pure form is most important; believes material form is just as important. Puts Thoughts in nicomachean ethics. Middle class has best chance of becoming best magistrate because they are always working to produce the perfect material form.

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Oligarchy

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a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few.

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Dialectical Method

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the question and answer method used by socrates to arrive at knowledge by exposing thruths already implicitly known and by challenging the contradictions and flawed reasoning of opposing viewpoints

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Democracy

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form of government in which all citizens have the power through voting

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Empirical Method

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came about through Aristotles conclusions on very careful observations. a method of inquiry dependent on direct experience.

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Ethics

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set of moral principles by which people conduct themselves personally, socially, or professionally

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Syllogism

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A deductive scheme of formal argument, consisting of two premises from which a conclusion may be drawn

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Octave

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a poetic stanza of eight lines, usually forming one part of a sonnet

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Canon

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The list of books which are considered to be God's Word, and therefore authoritative for faith and conduct.

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Module

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standard unit of measurment

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the Archaic Period

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Period in which affection for the natural body became evident.

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The Classical Period

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Began a new poised stance, along with a complete mastery of human anatomy and proportion. flourished between ca. 480 and 400 B.C.E.

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Doryphorus

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greek statue, "spear-bearer," showed harmony and beauty and glorified greeks

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Kritios Boy

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480 bc this is a sculpture. and is religious human beings were central to the greeks culture. they gave their gods human form. this would be achieved by a perfect balance of intellectual and physical discipline. the greeks are the first people to really perfect the human body.

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Calf Bearer

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during the arachaic period (600-480 bc), there was an astounding progress in sculpture (coinciding with social change), from rigid kouros to rounded figures, with life and vigor, attention to anatomy. this sculpture in an exception to the traditional stance, shows unity of man and beast. from the athenian acropolis

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Contrapposto

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human posture in which the shoulders and head are turned one way and the hips and legs another; weight off the body is put on one foot, creating a feeling of tension on one side of the body and relaxation on the other

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Kouros

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greek word for "male youth." an archaic greek statue of a standing, nude youth.

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Aphrodite of Knidos

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sculptor is praxiteles: 360 bc. one of the first sculptures to depict a woman nude. the statue was commissioned by the city of knidos, in asia minor to sculpt aphrodite, the patron goddess of the city.

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Parthenon

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Most famous and beautiful building on top of the Acropolis in Athens

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The Hellenistic Age & School of thought

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The Hellenistic Age marks the transformation of Greek society from the localized and introverted city-states to an open, cosmopolitan, and at times exuberant culture

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Skepticism

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the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain

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Cynicism

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believed that all pleasures of life were evil and should be scorned; advocated returning to a simple, natural lifestyle

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Epicureanism

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school of thought developed by the philosopher epicurus in hellenistic athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure

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Stoicism

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(philosophy) the philosophical system of the stoics following the teachings of the ancient greek philosopher zeno

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Dionysus

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Ancient Greek Theatre.

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Aeschylus

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author of the oldest surviving western tragedy. 525-456 BC created trilogy known as oresteia.

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Sophocles

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Athenian tragedian who died in 406 BCE, wrote Oedipus Rex.

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Euripides

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Greek dramatist who showed sympathy for women

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Aristophanes

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Creator of Greek satire. Greatest Greek comedy author

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The Pre-Socratics

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people who lived before Socrates that began trying to find what formed the basic stuff of nature. Included Thales, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Leucippus, and Democritus. Stripped nature of supernatural associations.

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Sappho

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one of the great poets of the ancient greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love.

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Pythagoras

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a greek philosopher and mathematician, this man was credited with the discovery that numbers are useful for more than counting physical things.

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Hippocrates

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460-377 BC. called father of medicine. Investigated the influence of diet and environment on general health and advanced the idea that an imbalance among bodily humors was the cause of disease (natural causes are the cause). Also father of medical ethics

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Heinrich Schliemann

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german archaeologist who discovered nine superimposed city sites of troy

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The Minoan Civilization

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one of the first Greek civilization , created a syllabic writing system, 3rd millennium BC urbancenters developing on Crete

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King Minos

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a king of the minoans who legend has it owned a half-human, half-bull monster called the "minotaur"

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Linear A

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is not related to Greek, still not understood , was not use to record history but only to keep records

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Linear B

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Greek writing used as understanding delivered from Linear A

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