Land Ethic – Aldo Leopold – Flashcards
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Odysseus
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(main character) Son of Laertes and Anticleia, husband of Penelope and father of Telemachus. A cunning, shrewd and eloquent hero. Came up with the idea of the Trojan horse which led the Greeks to victory against Troy. "Man of many wiles".
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expediency
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The hanging of the slave girls by Odysseus involved no question of propriety. It was a matter of . . . . (pg. 58).
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human chattel
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The concepts of right and wrong in Odysseus did not apply to the slave girls as they were considered to be slaves. Slaves were property. The name for this is . . . (pg. 58).
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corresponding shrinkages in those judged by expediency only
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During the 3000 years which have elapsed since the time of Oysseus, ethical criteria have been extended to many fields of conduct. This is accompanied by . . . (pg. 58).
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ecological evolution
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The extension of ethics, so far studied only by philosophers, is actually a process in . . . (pg. 58).
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An ethic, ecologically
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A limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence (pg. 58).
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An ethic, philosophically
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A differentiation of social from anti-social behavior (pg. 58).
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modes of co-operation
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Ethics has its origin in the tendency of interdependent individuals or groups to evolve . . . (pg. 58).
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symbiosis
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the living together in mutually helpful association of two dissimilar organisms
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Politics and Economics
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Advanced symbioses in which the original free-for-all competition has been replaced, in part, by co-operative mechanisms with an ethical content (pg. 59).
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population density and the efficiency of tools
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The complexity of co-operative mechanisms has increased with these two things (pg. 59).
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Mosaic Decalogue
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The first ethics that dealt with the relations between individuals (pg. 59).
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The Ten Commandments
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Mosaic Decalogue
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The Golden Rule
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Integrates the individual to society (pg. 59).
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Democracy
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Integrates social organization to the individual (pg. 59).
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man's relation to land, animals, and plants
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There is no ethic dealing with this (pg. 59).
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land-relation
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Still strictly economic, entailing privileges but no obligations (pg. 59).
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The extension of ethics to the land
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An evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity (pg. 59).
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Ezekiel and Isaiah
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Asserted that the despoliation of land is not only inexpedient but wrong (pg. 59).
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An ethic
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A mode of guidance for meeting ecological situations so new or intricate, or involving such deferred reactions, that the path of social expediency is not discernible to the average individual (pg. 59).
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Ethics
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A kind of community instinct in the making (pg. 59).
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the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts
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Ethics rest upon this single premise (pg. 59).
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instincts
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Prompt an individual to compete for his place in the community (pg. 60).
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personal ethics
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Prompt an individual to co-operate (pg. 60).
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The Land Ethic
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Enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land (pg. 60).
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conquerer to plain member
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The Land Ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from what to what (pg. 60).
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fellow-members in the community of life and the community itself
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The Land Ethic implies respect for . . (pg. 60).
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affirm their right to continued existence
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A Land Ethic cannot prevent the alteration, management, and use of resources, but it can do this . . . (pg. 60).
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self-defeating
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The role of conquerer is . . .(pg. 60).
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ex cathedra
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from the seat of authority; with authority
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inverse to the degree of our education
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The assurance that the land is only to serve our needs is . . .(pg. 60).
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ecological interpretation of history
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That man is, in fact, only a member of a biotic team is shown by an . . . (pg. 61).
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biotic interactions between people and land
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Many historical events, hitherto explained solely in terms of human enterprise, were actually . . . (pg. 61).
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native Indian, French and English Traders, and American Settlers
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In the years following the Revolution, these three groups were contending for control of the Mississippi valley (pg. 61).
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bluegrass
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The cane-lands of Kentucky, when subjected to the particular mixture of forces represented by the cow, plow, fire, and axe of the pioneer became . . . (pg. 61).
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of the impact of soils
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History tells us what the human actors in the drama of life tried to do, but we are seldom told . . .(pg. 61).
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erosion
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Each recession of plant life breeds . . . (pg. 62).
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land as a community really penetrates our intellectual life
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History will be taught through an ecological lens once . . .
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conservation
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A state of harmony between men and land (pg. 62).
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more conservation education
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The usual answer for lack of progress in conservation (pg. 63).
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content
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More conservation education is important but also is a focus on the . . . . . . of this education (pg. 63).
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enlightened self-interest
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Obey the law, vote right, join some organizations, and practice what conservation is profitable on your own land; the government will do the rest. Is not this formula too easy to accomplish anything worth-while? This fosters . . . (pg. 63).
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self-interest
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Education makes no mention of obligations to the land over and above those dictated by . . . (pg. 64).
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economic self-interest
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Land-use ethics are still governed wholly by this, just as social ethics were a century ago (pg. 64).
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conscience
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Obligations has no meaning with . . . .(pg. 64).
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an internal change in our intellectual emphases, loyalties, affections, and convictions
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No important change in ethics was ever accomplished with . . . .(pg. 64).
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trivial
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In our attempt to make conservation easy, we have made it . . . (pg. 65).
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one basic weakness
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Most members of the land community have no economic value (pg. 65).
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its integrity
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The stability of the biotic community depends on this (pg. 65).
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is a matter of their biotic right
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Songbirds have no economic value, but even so their continuance . . . (pg. 65).
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waste areas
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In some instances, without a land ethic, the assumed lack of profit labels areas that cannot be developed as . . . . . (pg. 65).
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lopsided
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A system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly . . . .(pg. 67).
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the healthy functioning of an ecosystem
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This depends on the functioning of both the economic and uneconomic parts (pg. 67).
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An ethical obligation on the part of the private owner of land
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The only visible remedy for conservation (pg. 68).
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some mental image of land as a biotic mechanism
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An ethic to supplement and guide the economic relations to land presupposes the existence of . . . (pg. 68).
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see, feel, understand, love, or otherwise have faith in
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We can be ethical only in relation to something we can . . . (pg. 68).
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biotic pyramid
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This is a symbol of the land (pg. 68).
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the biota
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Energy flows through this . . . (pg. 68).
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a pyramid consisting of layers
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represents the biota (pg. 68).
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By what they eat
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Each layer is connected by this (pg. 68).
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bears, raccoons, and squirrels
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Man shares an intermediate layer of the biotic pyramid with these species (pg. 68).
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food chains
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The lines of dependency for food and other services (pg. 69).
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soil-corn-cow-farmer
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The soil-oak-deer-Indian is a chain that has now been largely converted to this (pg. 69).
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cooperation and competition of its diverse parts
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The functioning of a biota depends on this (pg. 69).
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evolution
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This has added layer after layer, link after link to the biotic pyramid (pg. 69).
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land
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Not only soil, but a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants, and animals (pg. 69).
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one of its basic attributes
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The interdependence between the complex structure of the land and its smooth functioning as an energy unit (pg. 69).
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another part adjusts
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When change happens in one part of the circuit (pg. 69).
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agriculture
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A race between the emergence of new pests and the emergence of new techniques for their control (pg. 70).
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the less violent the man-made changes
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The greater the probability of successful readjustment in the biotic pyramid (pg. 72).
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law of diminishing returns
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All gains from density are subject to this law (pg. 73).
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an ecological conscience
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A Land Ethic reflects the existence of this (pg. 73).
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Individual responsibility for the health of the land
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An ecological conscience reflects . . . (pg. 73).
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love, respect, admiration for the land, and a high regard for its value
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An ethical relation to land cannot exist without these things (pg. 75).
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intense consciousness of land.
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The most serious obstacle impeding the evolution of a land ethic is that our educational and economic systems are headed away from, rather than toward, this (pg. 75).
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middlemen and innumerable physical gadgets
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Your true modern is separated form the land by these things (pg. 75).
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an understanding of ecology
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One of the requisites for an ecological comprehension of land (pg. 76).
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economically expedient
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Examine each question in terms of what is ethically and esthetically right, as well as what is . . . (pg. 76).
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it tends otherwise
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A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when . . . (pg. 76).
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tastes and predilections
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An innumerable host of actions and attitudes, comprising perhaps the bulk of all land relations is determined by this (pg. 76).
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a product of social evolution
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Land Ethic (pg. 77).
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an emotional and intellectual process
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The evolution of a land ethic is . . .(pg. 77).
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mechanism of operation
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The same for any ethic: social approbation for right actions: social disapproval for wrong actions.
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attitudes and implements
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Our present problem is one of . . .(pg. 77).
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implements
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tools or instruments
